Department of Nursing, University of Wisconsin Hospitals & Clinics, Madison, WI 53792, USA.

University of Wisconsin Hospitals & Clinics, USA.

Department of Nursing, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. BarbBentz@aol.com

Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Milton S. Hershey, Medical Center Hershey, PA, USA.

Department of Nursing, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Academic Support Building, Box 855 Mail Code A250, 600 Centerview Road, Hershey, PA 17033-0855, USA. lhatfield@psu.edu

The Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Diabetes Center, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 500 University Drive, HO44, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.

, 420 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, gesylvan@nursing.upenn.edu.

University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, 420 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.

University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, USA. polomanr@nursing.upenn.edu

, 420 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, polomanr@nursing.upenn.edu.

UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburg, PA, USA.

Same-Day Prep/Post-Anesthesia Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA dkrenzis@jhmi.edu

University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096, USA. polomanr@nursing.upenn.edu

CNNP, Pennsylvania State University School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Development, 307B HHD East, University Park, PA 16802. lal153@psu.edu.

Pain and Supportive Care Program, Joan Karnell Cancer Center at Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia.

University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. polomanr@nursing.upenn.edu

UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Same-Day Prep/Post-Anesthesia Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Department of Surgical Nursing, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. dkrenzis@jbmi.edu

University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Claire M. Fagin Hall, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. polomanr@nursing.upenn.edu

School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

United BioSource Corporation, Bethesda, MD, USA.