Allantoic fluid from embryonated eggs infected with influenza A virus contains a toxic agent which can be demonstrated and quantitatively measured by its rapid effect on oxygen consumption when it is introduced in new series of fertile eggs. The effects were measured 90 minutes after the injection of the infected fluid, and were seen following both intra-allantoic injection and injection into the yolk sac. This toxin, in concentrations resulting from the injection of 0.5 cc. or less of the infected fluid, has no effect on oxygen consumption. The injection of 0.75 to 2.0 cc. of the fluid strikingly increases the oxygen consumption of the fertile eggs, while the injection of 3.0 cc. markedly depresses respiration. A similar reversal and eventual loss of the effect of the toxin on respiration were noted when the concentration of toxin was progressively diminished by heat inactivation. The toxic agent is slowly inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C., but is effective long after infectivity and hemagglutinating ability have been destroyed. In this respect the agent differs from rickettsial and lymphogranuloma venereum virus toxins. The method described may be of value in studying the physiological effects of other toxic agents.

In addition to the cycles of growth shown by the influenza A virus during the first 24 hours of its residence in the fertile egg, cycles separated by longer time intervals have been noted between the 24th and 96th hours. These longer cycles are best seen when the eggs are incubated at 40 degrees C. Corresponding fairly accurately with these cycles of growth of the virus, wide cyclic variations in the rates of increase in oxygen consumption of the infected eggs have been found to occur. These variations are in striking contrast to the uniformity of increase noted in uninfected eggs. The variations in infectivity may be caused by periodic interference with virus multiplication by accumulated inactive virus particles. The variations in oxygen consumption probably are correlated with variations in the concentration of virus toxins.

Groups of embryonated eggs infected with the PR8 strain of influenza virus A were incubated at 34 degrees , 37.5 degrees , and 40 degrees C. At frequent intervals, for periods ranging up to 96 hours, pooled allantoic fluids were tested simultaneously for infectivity and hemagglutination. After about 12 hours of virus growth, fluids often showed infectivity titres greater than 10(-5), but were incapable of causing hemagglutination. At later time intervals, marked disagreement between the two tests for viral activity was noted at all temperatures, but most strikingly at 40 degrees C. Hemagglutination titres were highest and best sustained in eggs incubated at 34 degrees C., while incubation at 37.5 degrees C. resulted in the highest and best sustained infectivity titres. Hemagglutination titre determinations do not reflect accurately the rate of influenza virus multiplication. Possible reasons for the lack of correspondence between hemagglutination and infectivity are discussed.

The hypotheses that among subclinical panickers, avoidance of panic-related situations would be associated with elevated substance use levels and increased likelihood of lifetime diagnoses of substance dependence and major depressive disorder (MDD) were tested. Findings confirmed that panic-related avoidance was associated with an elevated likelihood of lifetime diagnoses of nicotine and alcohol dependence as well as MDD, but not drug dependence. Panic avoidance was also related to relatively greater daily levels of cigarette and alcohol use.

This study examined the associations among perceived control over anxiety-related events, worry, and both symptoms and diagnoses of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The sample was comprised of 140 adolescents (60 girls) between the ages of 10 and 17 years (M ( age )= 14.6 years; SD = 2.25) recruited from the general community. Findings were consistent with hypotheses. Self-reported perceived control over anxiety-related events related negatively to worry as well as symptoms and diagnoses of GAD even after accounting for variance associated with age, gender, and negative affectivity. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical implications that perceived control over anxiety-related events may have for understanding GAD symptomatology among youth.

The interaction between early maturation and problematic peer relations in relation to social anxiety symptoms was examined among 167 adolescents aged 10-17 years. Results indicated that early-maturing youth with problematic peer relations evidenced elevated social anxiety symptoms. Findings are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for adolescent social anxiety development.

"Standard of care" sounds like a medical term, but it is a universal legal concept. It is codified differently by individual state statutes and is written into each state's uniform jury instructions. The phrase increasingly appears in scientific articles discussing the management of patients with headache. But, the term usually is not defined nor is evidence presented to justify the notion that the so-called standard has any scientific basis. In a courtroom,jury instructions using this phrase can be a legal sword aimed at a defendant doctor, rather than a shield. At risk is a physician's basic right to care for a patient according to that individual's particular needs.