Objectives:statistically Criminally involved adolescents engage in high levels of alcohol-related risky sex. A theory-based sexual and alcohol risk-reduction intervention was designed,adolescents. implemented, and evaluated in juvenile detention facilities. Participants and METHODS: In a randomized, controlled trial, 484 detained adolescents received 1 from of 3 group-based interventions: combined sexual and alcohol risk reduction (group psychosocial intervention [GPI]+ group motivational enhancement therapy [GMET]);and sexual risk reduction only (GPI); or HIV/sexually transmitted disease prevention information only (group information-only intervention [GINFO]). Follow-up data were obtained the 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the intervention. Behavioral outcomes were condom-use behavior, frequency of intercourse while drinking, and and alcohol-related problems. Results: Condom-use behavior measured as frequency of condom use during sex (ranging from never to always) decreased over and time, although the GPI and GPI + GMET interventions mitigated this tendency at the 3-, 6-, and 9-month follow-up assessments.of Although both active interventions were significantly more successful than the GINFO condition and the pattern of effects favored the GPI than + GMET, there were no statistically significant differences between the GPI and GPI + GMET interventions. Conclusions: Findings support the alcohol-related feasibility of integrating alcohol-specific sexual risk content into a theory-based sexual risk-reduction intervention and provide additional evidence that theory-based interventions reducing are effective at reducing risky sex in this population. There was limited evidence of intervention effects on alcohol-use outcomes. Future only research should focus on strengthening the GPI + GMET to most effectively target risky sexual behavior among at-risk adolescents.

Adolescents self-esteem, involved with the criminal justice system engage in high levels of both risky sexual behavior and alcohol use. Yet a individuals. strong relationship between the two constructs has not been consistently observed, possibly due to heterogeneity in the data. Regression mixture predicted models were estimated in the current study to address such potential heterogeneity. Criminally-involved adolescents (n = 409) were clustered into for latent classes based on patterns of the regression of two measures of risky sexual behavior, condom use and frequency of of intercourse, on alcohol use. A three-class solution emerged where alcohol use did not significantly predict either risky sex outcome for for approximately 25% of the sample; alcohol use negatively predicted condom use and positively predicted frequency of intercourse for approximately 38%study of participants; and alcohol use negatively predicted condom use but not frequency of intercourse for the remaining participants. These classes either were then distinguished on the basis of five covariates previously found to influence either alcohol use, risky sexual behavior, or covariates the relationship between the two: self-esteem, gender, participant age, relationship status, and impulsivity/sensation-seeking. High self-esteem, being female, being older, and high being in a relationship predicted membership in the class with no observed relationship of alcohol use to risky sex, relative classes. to the other classes. Implications of the present findings are discussed in terms of exploring different risky sex and alcohol on use patterns within criminally involved adolescents, as well as understanding the effectiveness of interventions for subgroups of individuals.

Objectives in To test whether affective response to an acute bout of exercise can predict regular voluntary exercise, and specifically whether a behaviour. positive affective response helps translate intentions into behaviour. Design A prospective correlational design. Methods Participants (N=127) recruited from the community exercise, reported intentions to engage in voluntary exercise and frequency of participation in voluntary exercise both at baseline and at a subject 3-month follow-up. Self-reported positive affect, negative affect, tranquillity, and fatigue were assessed during a bout of moderate intensity exercise. Results exercise Within subject slopes for increases in positive affect and decreases in fatigue during exercise, and increased tranquillity and decreased fatigue subject post-exercise were associated with more frequent participation in exercise at follow-up. Changes in negative affect did not predict exercise at from follow-up; however, this was likely due to floor effects leading to lack of baseline variability in negative affect. Importantly, a exercise. positive affective response to exercise moderated the intention-behaviour relationship, such that those who responded to exercise more favourably exhibited stronger however, relationships between intentions and future exercise behaviour Conclusions We conclude that exercise-related increases in positive affect and tranquillity and decreases an in feelings of fatigue can aid in the successful translation of exercise intentions into behaviour.

Criminally the involved adolescents engage in high levels of risky sexual behavior and alcohol use, and alcohol use may contribute to lack reserved). of condom use. Detained adolescents (n = 484) were randomized to (1) a theory-based sexual risk reduction intervention (GPI),(2)were the GPI condition with a group-based alcohol risk reduction motivational enhancement therapy component (GPI + GMET), or (3) an information-only Changes control (INFO). All interventions were presented in same-sex groups in single sessions lasting from 2 to 4 hr. Changes to behavior putative theoretical mediators (attitudes, perceived norms, self-efficacy, and intentions) were measured immediately following intervention administration. The primary outcomes were risky Changes sexual behavior and sexual behavior while drinking measured 3 months later (65.1% retention). The GPI + GMET intervention demonstrated superiority reduction over both other conditions in influencing theoretical mediators and over the INFO control in reducing risky sexual behavior. Self-efficacy and to intentions were significant mediators between condition and later risky sexual behavior. This study contributes to an understanding of harm reduction intervention among high-risk adolescents and has implications for understanding circumstances in which the inclusion of GMET components may be effective.(PsycINFO of Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).

BACKGROUND induction AND OBJECTIVE: Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) is an endogenous peptide that crosses the blood-brain barrier, named after its association with BIS. natural sleep and enhanced electroencephalogram (EEG) delta rhythm. The objective of this study was to determine whether DSIP could be approved used as an adjunct to volatile anaesthesia in humans, our hypothesis being that DSIP is a natural hypnotic that would Twenty-four increase anaesthetic depth. The aims were to assess depth of anaesthesia using bispectral index (BIS), the EEG and heart rate were variability (HRV), and to determine whether DSIP altered the symmetry of EEG between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. METHODS:Twenty-four Twenty-four female ASA I or II patients gave written, informed consent to a protocol approved by our local research ethics anaesthesia committee. Twelve were randomly assigned as controls to receive saline. The other 12 were randomly allocated to receive one of right three intravenous bolus doses of DSIP (Clinalfa) at 25, 50 or 100 nmol kg. The first administration of DSIP was 50 while awake and the second after induction of anaesthesia with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. BIS and EEG parameters were endogenous measured continuously using a bilateral electrode montage. RESULTS: DSIP significantly increased heart rate, decreased HRV and, paradoxically, significantly reduced delta burst rhythm along with reducing burst suppression and increasing BIS at 25 nmol kg during isoflurane anaesthesia. DSIP also significantly altered The bilateral symmetry of EEG. CONCLUSION: DSIP probably reduced parasympathetic tone and decreased (lightened) the depth of anaesthesia measured using BIS.other

The SOC Transtheoretical Model (TTM), which asserts that health behavior change progresses in stages, is often used to explore health risk behaviors data. and to target and evaluate health promotion interventions. A four-question staging algorithm is often used to measure an individual's health emphasis behavior stage of change (SOC), but its accuracy or appropriateness for tailoring interventions or evaluating outcomes has not been established.each The current study utilized data from three studies on HIV sexual risk behavior to compare SOC to reports of sexual maintenance risk on more detailed risk assessments, measured concurrently. Within each data set, detailed behavioral risk assessments were compared with SOC,each with specific emphasis on maintenance staging, to evaluate the correspondence between SOC and reported behavior. Those classified in the maintenance stage SOC for condom use should, by definition, report no sexual risk events over the matched time period. Across all three assessments, studies, 18% of those classified in the maintenance SOC for condom use reported one or more sexual risk behaviors during the the matched time period. Because the SOC algorithm is frequently used in intervention design, targeting, and evaluation, the potential for behavior mis-categorization in the most advanced stage of maintenance raises concerns. Results suggest that intervention inclusion or evaluation strategies that use the the maintenance stage as a primary outcome should be further qualified by behavioral data.

Drug and dosing is commonly based on the dogma that, increasing the dose maximizes the therapeutic response until a dose level that burden. is prohibitively toxic is reached. This doctrine also applies to antibody therapy, as several protocols have explored dose escalation. We different have analyzed the effect of different amounts of a homophilic Herceptin targeting a human lung tumor cell line, and discovered potency, that the normal dose-potency relationship does not apply. To study this paradoxical effect of antibody concentration on potency, we examined FACS the molecular species of the homophilic Herceptin under different concentrations using size exclusion chromatography and gel electrophoresis. We also varied potency, experimental conditions in FACS tumor targeting, such as concentration of antibody, membrane immobilization, temperature, and antibody homo/dimer immobilization. We observed explored that high concentrations of homophilic Herceptin reduce targeting, and also noted the tumor growth arrest in the xenograft mice after antibody the tumor reached a critical size. The therapeutic window appears to be defined by tumor size and antibody concentration. Since antibody the concentration of this homophilic antibody defines the optimum targeting window, our data suggest the therapeutic dose of antibody should dogma be matched with the tumor burden.

The comparisons present study sought to integrate convergent lines of research on the associations among the dopamine D(4) receptor (DRD4) gene, novelty phenotypes. seeking and drinking behaviors with the overall goal of elucidating genetic influences on problematic drinking in young adulthood. Specifically, this was study tested a model in which novelty seeking mediated the relationship between DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) genotype the and problematic alcohol use. Participants (n = 90, 40 females) were heavy-drinking college students. Analyses using a structural equation modeling as framework suggested that the significant direct path between DRD4 VNTR genotype and problematic alcohol use was reduced to a trend the level in the context of a model that included novelty seeking as a mediator, thereby suggesting that the effects of Specifically, DRD4 VNTR genotype on problematic alcohol use among heavy-drinking young adults were partially mediated by novelty seeking. Cross-group comparisons indicated framework that the relationships among the model variables were not significantly different in models for men versus women. These results extend problematic recent findings of the association between this polymorphism of the DRD4 receptor gene, problematic alcohol use and novelty seeking. These of findings may also help elucidate the specific pathways of risk associated with genetic influences on alcohol use and abuse phenotypes.DRD4

The PUFAs. influence of various diets on the survival, fecundity and the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of the benthic estuarine amphipod variability. Melita plumulosa (Zeilder) in laboratory cultures were determined. Apart from a natural silty sediment, six commercial food-supplements were examined: an an omega-6 PUFA enriched Spirulina-based dry powder, Sera(R) micron; a shrimp-based pellet food; an omega-3 PUFA enriched algal paste, Rotiselco(R)-ALG; an if omega-6 PUFA enriched algal dry powder, AlgaMac-ARA; flaxseed meal; and an omega-3 PUFA enriched dry powder, Frippak(R). We have previously amphipods established that M. plumulosa cultures perform poorly and eventually decline if provided with silty sediment alone, but will thrive if if supplemented with Sera micron. Conversely, if the amphipods are cultured on a nutrient-depleted sand substrate, Sera micron alone does not shrimp-based constitute an adequate feed. The major difference in the fatty acid composition of M. plumulosa cultured on silty sediment compared with to amphipods cultured on a sand substrate and both fed Sera micron was an increase in the ratio of omega-3 ratio : omega-6 PUFAs, indicating that the silty sediment provides additional food sources rich in omega-3 PUFAs. Furthermore, amphipods cultured in the sand and fed any of the three algal-based foods or the Frippak powder as the sole food source had poor containing survival rates, although Sera micron maintained the best survival - this was attributed to it containing high amounts of beta-carotene flaxseed and terpenoids. M. plumulosa fed a mixture of Sera micron in conjunction with the omega-3 PUFA enriched Rotiselco-ALG and cultured sediment on a silty substrate were found to have good fecundity with low variability.