Responsive polymer materials can adapt to surrounding environments, regulate transport of ions and molecules, change wettability and adhesion of different species on external stimuli, or convert chemical and biochemical signals into optical, electrical, thermal and mechanical signals, and vice versa. These materials are playing an increasingly important part in a diverse range of applications, such as drug delivery, diagnostics, tissue engineering and 'smart' optical systems, as well as biosensors, microelectromechanical systems, coatings and textiles. We review recent advances and challenges in the developments towards applications of stimuli-responsive polymeric materials that are self-assembled from nanostructured building blocks. We also provide a critical outline of emerging developments.

The induction and relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under steady state conditions, i.e. during up to 90min of illumination at saturating light intensities, was studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. Besides the well-characterized fast qE and the very slow qI component of NPQ, the analysis of the NPQ dynamics identified a zeaxanthin (Zx) dependent component which we term qZ. The formation (rise time 10-15min) and relaxation (life time 10-15min) of qZ correlated with the synthesis and epoxidation of Zx, respectively. Comparative analysis of different NPQ mutants from Arabidopsis showed that qZ was clearly not related to qE, qT or qI and thus represents a separate, Zx dependent NPQ component.

Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is an autosomal dominant form of isolated alopecia. The disorder is characterized by the absence or scarcity of scalp hair, eyebrows and eyelashes at birth. Coarse wiry hair begins to grow during childhood, but this is followed by progressive hair loss, which usually begins around puberty. A recent study identified mutations in U2HR, an inhibitory upstream open reading frame in the 5'-untranslated region of the human hairless gene. We investigated three reportedly unrelated Turkish multigeneration families with MUHH. Using direct sequencing of U2HR we were able to identify the c. 2T>A (p.M1K) mutation in one index patient of each family. The mutation cosegregates perfectly with the disease in all members of the families. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a mutation in U2HR has been identified in families from the Middle East. The observation of a common mutation is suggestive of a possible founder effect.

BACKGROUND: Critical incident monitoring is an important tool for quality improvement and the maintenance of high safety standards. It was developed for aviation safety and is now widely accepted as a useful tool to reduce medical care-related morbidity and mortality. Despite this widespread acceptance, the literature has no reports on any neurosurgical applications of critical incident monitoring. We describe the introduction of a mono-institutional critical incident reporting system in a neurosurgical department. Furthermore, we have developed a formula to assess possible counterstrategies. METHODS: All staff members of a neurosurgical department were advised to report critical incidents. The anonymous reporting form contained a box for the description of the incident, several multiple-choice questions on specific risk factors, place and reason for occurrence of the incident, severity of the consequences and suggested counterstrategies. The incident data was entered into an online documentation system (ADKA DokuPik) and evaluated by an external specialist. For data analysis we applied a modified assessment scheme initially designed for flight safety. RESULTS: Data collection was started in September 2008. The average number of reported incidents was 18 per month (currently 216 in total). Most incidents occurred on the neurosurgical ward (64%). Human error was involved in 86% of the reported incidents. The largest group of incidents consisted of medication-related problems. Accordingly, counterstrategies were developed, resulting in a decrease in the relative number of reported medication-related incidents from 42%(March 09) to 30%(September 09). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the critical incident reporting system presented no technical problems. The reporting rate was high compared to that reported in the current literature. The formulation, evaluation and introduction of specific counterstrategies to guard against selected groups of incidents may improve patient safety in neurosurgical departments.

Background: It is unclear whether the metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases risk of cognitive dysfunction beyond the level expected from its individual components. We examined the association of MetS with cognitive dysfunction and assessed whether MetS increased risk of cognitive dysfunction more than that of the sum of its individual components. Methods: Data on 823 participants were used from the SMART-study, a cohort study among patients with atherosclerotic disease. MetS was defined according to the NCEP-ATPIII-criteria. Neuropsychological tests assessing memory, executive, and visuospatial functioning were performed. Regression analyses were performed to assess the association of MetS and its individual components with cognitive dysfunction. To examine whether MetS increased risk of cognitive dysfunction beyond its individual components we tested whether there was interaction on an additive scale by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). Results: MetS was associated with increased risk of memory (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.3) and visuospatial dysfunction (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.4-2.7) but not with executive dysfunction. However, risk of memory and visuospatial dysfunction for having all MetS components was not greater than that of the sum of the individual components (RERI 0.2 and -0.9). Conclusions: In this population, MetS is related to increased risk of cognitive dysfunction but not more than that of the sum of its individual components.

A 47-year-old patient with a history of Guillain-Barré syndrome three years prior to evaluation and a severe persisting sensory neuronopathy, complained of dysphagia especially for solid food. He also had severe, intermittent retrosternal pain. Radiological and manometric studies showed the typical features of achalasia. Treatment with botulinum toxin injection improved the dysphagia but not the retrosternal pain. An autoimmune response triggered by an infection is discussed as one possible cause of ganglion cell degeneration within the myenteric plexus in patients with achalasia. Such a hypothesis is supported by our observation showing the simultaneous occurrence of achalasia, sensory neuronopathy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Based on an interferometric spatial autocorrelation of two shifted point-spread functions combined with confocal detection, we demonstrate that the point-spread autocorrelation function technique provides improved axial resolution compared with conventional confocal imaging. The principle of the technique is demonstrated for a one-sided f luorescing step object.

We propose and theoretically investigate a novel operating regime of femtosecond Kerr-lens mode-locked solidstate lasers that avoids group-velocity dispersion compensation by use of a nonresonant semiconductor plate in the focused resonator section that provides an overall negative nonlinear refractive index per round trip. The saturable loss of the laser resonator with an effective self-defocusing nonlinearity is derived from a generalized ABCD matrix formalism, and the correspondingly calculated steady-state pulse parameters show that a Kerrlens mode-locked laser with an overall negative nonlinear refractive index generates stable femtosecond pulses without any dispersion compensation.