MicroRNAs have emerged as key players in regulation of various biological processes in eukaryotes, including host-pathogen interactions. Recent studies suggest that viruses encode miRNAs to manipulate their host gene expression to ensure their effective proliferation, whereas host limits virus infection by differentially expressing miRNAs that target essential viral genes. Here, we demonstrate that an insect virus, Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) modulates the small RNA-mediated defense of its host, Bombyx mori by encoding a miRNA (bmnpv-miR-1), which downregulates the expression of its host GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran, an essential component of Exportin-5-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery mainly involved in small RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm. We have demonstrated the sequence dependent interaction of bmnpv-miR-1 with Ran mRNA using cell culture and in vivo assays including RNAi of Ran. Our results clearly show that bmnpv-miR-1 represses Ran leading to reduction in the host small RNA population, and consequently the BmNPV load increases in the infected larvae. Blocking of bmnpv-miR-1 resulted in higher expression of Ran and decrease in BmNPV proliferation. In contrast, blockage of host miRNA, bmo-miR-8, which targets immediate early gene of the virus and whose production was repressed upon bmnpv-miR-1 and Ran dsRNA administration, resulted in significant increase in the virus load in the infected B. mori larvae. The present study provides an insight into one of the evasion strategies used by the virus to counter the host defense for its effective proliferation and has relevance in the development of insect virus control strategies.

Flow coefficients v_{n} for n=2, 3, 4, characterizing the anisotropic collective flow in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV, are measured relative to event planes Ψ_{n}, determined at large rapidity. We report v_{n} as a function of transverse momentum and collision centrality, and study the correlations among the event planes of different order n. The v_{n} are well described by hydrodynamic models which employ a Glauber Monte Carlo initial state geometry with fluctuations, providing additional constraining power on the interplay between initial conditions and the effects of viscosity as the system evolves. This new constraint can serve to improve the precision of the extracted shear viscosity to entropy density ratio η/s.

Back-to-back hadron pair yields in d+Au and p+p collisions at √s(NN)=200 GeV were measured with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Rapidity separated hadron pairs were detected with the trigger hadron at pseudorapidity |η|<0.35 and the associated hadron at forward rapidity (deuteron direction, 3.0<η<3.8). Pairs were also detected with both hadrons measured at forward rapidity; in this case, the yield of back-to-back hadron pairs in d+Au collisions with small impact parameters is observed to be suppressed by a factor of 10 relative to p+p collisions. The kinematics of these pairs is expected to probe partons in the Au nucleus with a low fraction x of the nucleon momenta, where the gluon densities rise sharply. The observed suppression as a function of nuclear thickness, p(T), and η points to cold nuclear matter effects arising at high parton densities.

We present measurements of J/ψ yields in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200  GeV recorded by the PHENIX experiment and compare them with yields in p+p collisions at the same energy per nucleon-nucleon collision. The measurements cover a large kinematic range in J/ψ rapidity (-2.2<y<2.4) with high statistical precision and are compared with two theoretical models: one with nuclear shadowing combined with final state breakup and one with coherent gluon saturation effects. In order to remove model dependent systematic uncertainties we also compare the data to a simple geometric model. The forward rapidity data are inconsistent with nuclear modifications that are linear or exponential in the density weighted longitudinal thickness, such as those from the final state breakup of the bound state.

Ultrasonication used for the production of fatty acid methyl ester from non-edible vegetable oil using immobilized lipase (Chromobacterium viscosum) as a catalyst from Enterobacter aerogenes to make the process fully ecologically and environmental friendly. The optimal conditions for biodiesel production is the molar ratio oil to methanol 1:4, catalyst concentration 5 wt.% of oil, reaction time 30 min, ultrasonic amplitude 50%(100 W/m(3)) and cycle 0.7s. ultrasonication reduce the reaction time comparing to the conventional batch process. The purity and conversion of the biodiesel was 84.5±0.5 analyzed by reversed phase HPLC.

Large parity-violating longitudinal single-spin asymmetries A(L)(e+)=-0.86(-0.14)(+0.30) and A(L)(e-)= 0.88(-0.71)(+0.12) are observed for inclusive high transverse momentum electrons and positrons in polarized p+p collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]= 500 GeV with the PHENIX detector at RHIC. These e± come mainly from the decay of W± and Z0 bosons, and their asymmetries directly demonstrate parity violation in the couplings of the W± to the light quarks. The observed electron and positron yields were used to estimate W± boson production cross sections for the e± channels of σ(pp → W+ X) × BR(W+ → e+ ν(e))= 144.1 ± 21.2(stat)(-10.3)(+3.4)(syst) ± 21.6(norm)  pb, and σ(pp → W- X) × BR(W- → e- ν[over ¯](e))= 31.7 ± 12.1(stat)(-8.2)(+10.1)(syst) ± 4.8(norm)  pb.

The production of e;{+}e;{-} pairs for m_{e;{+}e;{-}}<0.3 GeV/c;{2} and 1<p_{T}<5 GeV/c is measured in p+p and Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV. An enhanced yield above hadronic sources is observed. Treating the excess as photon internal conversions, the invariant yield of direct photons is deduced. In central Au+Au collisions, the excess of the direct photon yield over p+p is exponential in transverse momentum, with an inverse slope T=221+/-19;{stat}+/-19;{syst} MeV. Hydrodynamical models with initial temperatures ranging from T_{init} approximately 300-600 MeV at times of approximately 0.6-0.15 fm/c after the collision are in qualitative agreement with the data. Lattice QCD predicts a phase transition to quark gluon plasma at approximately 170 MeV.

M(II) complexes of the type [HLCu(2)Cl(3)],[HLCu(2)(O(CO)CH(3))(3)],[HLM(2)Cl(4)(H(2)O)(3)] and [HLM(2)(OC(O)CH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(3)], where M=Ni(II), Co(II) have been synthesized by condensation of 3-acyl-2-one indol and hydrazinecarbothioamide (2:1) in the presence of divalent metal salt in methanolic medium. The complexes have been characterized with the help of elemental analysis, conductance measurements, magnetic measurements and their structural configuration have been determined by various spectroscopic (electronic, IR,(1)H NMR,(13)C NMR, GCMS) techniques. Electronic and magnetic moments of the complexes indicate that the geometries of the metal centers are either distorted octahedral, or square planer. These metal complexes were also tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities to assess their inhibiting potential.

The production of biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oil using ultrasonication, calls for an efficient solid catalyst to make the process fully ecologically and economically friendly. The methodology allows for the reaction to be run under atmospheric conditions. Solid catalyst and ultrasonication reduced the reaction time comparing to the conventional batch processes and we found 98.53% biodiesel yield. The optimal conditions for biodiesel production is the molar ratio oil to methanol 1:9, Catalyst conc. 3wt.% of oil and 15min reaction time.

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel, consistituting an alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel. It is non-toxic and biodegradable and has a low emission profile, is better from environmentally sensitive areas. Research study on alternative fuels is essential for increased energy security. Presently, biodiesel is produced mainly is batch reactor. In this process the required energy is given by heating accompanied by mechanical stirring which has several disadvantages because of time consuming high labour cost. Being methanol is a toxic chemical; the objective of this work is to produce coconut oil ethyl ester by using ultrasonic irradiation. The advantages of ethanol are non-toxic domestic all available, having higher carbon atoms which provide higher heat content. The optical conditions for biodiesel production is the molar ratio oil to ethanol 1:6, KOH catalyst 0.75wt.% of oil and 7min reaction time. The reaction time reduced 15-40 times comparing to the conventional batch processes and found 98% biodiesel yield.