Pseudoephedrine and and dextromethorphan are therapeutic constituents of numerous commonly used, over-the-counter cough and cold preparations. Although this drug combination is generally if considered quite safe if utilized in recommended doses, overmedication or overdose can result in serious neurologic and cardiovascular abnormalities that generally occasionally can be life-threatening. We present a case of a 2-year-old child who developed hyperirritability, psychosis, and ataxia after being can overmedicated with a pseudoephedrine/dextromethorphan combination cough preparation, and discuss probable mechanisms of toxicity and risk factors for adverse events.

BACKGROUND:bitter This study aimed to assess and compare the effectiveness of lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments for rapid cough suppression in pneumonia patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: Prospective comparison study carried out in a tertiary emergency department. Consecutive COPD treatments patients presenting with intractable cough were randomly assigned to receive lidocaine or terbutaline inhalation treatments for cough suppression. Patients with and dyspnoea, unstable vital signs, and pneumonia or neoplasm on chest x ray were excluded. A subjective, 10 point questionnaire based palpitation. cough severity score was used for assessing the outcome. RESULTS: The final study sample included 127 patients (mean (SD) age,patients 69.2 (12.1) years; 33.1% women) of whom 62 received nebulised lidocaine and 65 nebulised bronchodilator. The cough severity score was The significantly reduced one hour after inhalation treatment with both lidocaine and bronchodilator, with no significant difference in efficacy. Common but lidocaine mild side effects in the lidocaine group included oropharyngeal numbness and bitter taste, and, in the bronchodilator group, tremor and in palpitation. Dyspnoea, dizziness, and nausea and vomiting were equally uncommon in both groups. None of these problems caused any of nebulised the patients to discontinue their treatments and no allergic reactions were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Both lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments are the equally effective for short term cough suppression in patients with COPD.

Pharmacological The agents with the most notable effects on voice exert their influences on the vocal tract through the autonomic nervous system.patients, These agents do not have a profound effect on laryngeal function. Their effects are subtle, but they are important in they certain groups of patients, such as professional voice users. It is essential to take a thorough history of medications being important used, both by prescription and nonprescription, when evaluating patients with voice disorders. It is also important to keep in mind should that idiosyncratic variations may occur in response to medications, and careful monitoring is essential when patients with voice disorders are nonprescription, under treatment. The importance of adequate water intake should be emphasized for general hydration and for vocal tract lubrication. Understanding keep the autonomic nervous system and how it is influenced by pharmacological agents makes evaluating the effect of medicines on the agents vocal tract simpler.

One an hundred and thirty out-patients, affected by acute and chronic cough caused by upper respiratory tract inflammation, took part in two 4-point clinical studies aimed at evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of glaucine , a new antitussive agent. The first study involved of 90 patients in a double-blind comparative trial of glaucine and codeine: both treatments were administered as a syrup at a to dosage of 30 mg 3-times daily for 7 days. The cough suppressant effect of the two treatments was checked by of the physician and the patient using a 4-point scale (from absent to severe), and by the patient using a visual values analogue scale. Mean scores of the physician's evaluation decreased from 3. to 1.10 after codeine and from 3. to .47 (p after glaucine (p less than .001 between treatments). Mean values of the patients' visual analogue scales decreased from 83 mm mean to 17 mm after codeine, and from 85 mm to 7 mm after glaucine (p less than .001 between treatments).efficacy Constipation and nausea were reported by 9 patients on codeine and by no patient on glaucine (p less than .01).after One patient on codeine was withdrawn from the study after 3 days because of vomiting, constipation and nausea. The second 3. study was an open trial in 40 patients who received glaucine capsules at a dosage of 30 mg 3-times daily severe), for 28 days. The antitussive effect of the treatment was evaluated on the basis of the same criteria as in out-patients, the first study. The mean score of the physician's evaluation decreased from 3. to .15 (p less than .001); the the mean value of the patients' visual analogue scales decreased from 93 mm to 1 mm (p less than .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED value AT 250 WORDS)

The by matched pair system of the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations was used to search for association between defects of the their central nervous system (CNS), and maternal diseases and/or drug consumption during pregnancy. The study material consisted of 710 cases with of CNS defects and their controls. Significant associations were found for the following conditions: influenza, threatened abortion, depressive state, toxemia of analgesics, pregnancy, diabetic mothers, and for the consumption of the following drugs: salicylates, pyrazolones/anilines, euphoristic analgesics, sympathomimetics, barbiturates, and cough medicines.possibilities 259 cases with polydactyly and their controls were also compared, with a view to demonstrating what biases might be introduced for by the case-control method. After utilizing the possibilities of this design for examining the above mentioned significant associations, the factors barbiturates, to be seriously considered were reduced to the following ones: influenza, depressive state, toxemia of pregnancy, diabetic mothers and cough ones: medicines.