Cat Diseases :: drug therapy
Latest Paper:
The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
The topical endectocide selamectin (Revolution, Pfizer Animal Health) was evaluated in seven veterinary dermatology specialty clinics for its ability to control fleas on 75 dogs and 46 cats from single- and multiple-animal households. All animals were treated on days , 30, and 60 with a minimum unit dose of 6 mg/kg of selamectin(h) applied to the skin in a single spot at the base of the neck in front of the scapulae. The product was applied according to label instructions, and the use of other topical or environmental flea control products was prohibited during the study. Efficacy was assessed by percentage reductions in geometric mean flea comb counts. The reductions in flea numbers for dogs and cats combined were 90.6%, 97. %, and 98. % on days 30, 60, and 90, respectively, compared with day . This study demonstrates that selamectin, applied at 30-day intervals to dogs and cats, effectively controls flea infestations without other flea control products in single- and multiple-animal households.
Mesh-terms: Animals; Cat Diseases :: drug therapy; Cats; Dog Diseases :: drug therapy; Dogs; Ectoparasitic Infestations :: drug therapy; Ectoparasitic Infestations :: veterinary; Female; Fleas; Insecticides :: adverse effects; Insecticides :: therapeutic use; Ivermectin :: adverse effects; Ivermectin :: analogs & derivatives; Ivermectin :: therapeutic use; Male;
Most cited papers:
Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
Enrofloxacin and doxycycline are antimicrobial agents used to treat bacterial diseases of cats. In vitro susceptibility data indicate that either drug should be effective against Bartonella species. In vivo efficacies of these drugs for eradication of chronic Bartonella henselae or Bartonella clarridgeiae infections were examined in 18 experimentally infected cats and 25 naturally exposed cats treated with enrofloxacin (22.7 mg given orally [PO] every 12 h [q12h][14 days, n = 10; 28 days, n = 13]) or with doxycycline (25 mg PO q12h [14 days, n = 9; 28 days, n = 8]) or not treated (n = 3). Plasma drug concentrations were determined in experimental cats by high-performance liquid chromatography. Only 23 of 43 cats enrolled ultimately met inclusion criteria. Bacteremia was eliminated for 12 to 25 weeks posttreatment in four of seven cats receiving 14 days of enrofloxacin, five of seven cats receiving 28 days of enrofloxacin, one of six cats receiving 14 days of doxycycline, and one of two cats receiving 28 days of doxycycline. Defining a negative result by blood culture as treatment success may be erroneous; these results may reflect the insensitivity of blood culture or the relapsing nature of Bartonella bacteremia. Our results suggest that MICs obtained with axenic media do not predict antimicrobial activity against intracellular Bartonella, that a long treatment course is required to eliminate infection, and that duration of therapy correlates with pretreatment bacterial load. Given current concern about the development of antimicrobial resistance, we would reserve recommendation for treatment to cats owned by an immunocompromised individual or as an alternative to euthanasia of a pet.
Mesh-terms: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents :: therapeutic use; Anti-Infective Agents :: blood; Anti-Infective Agents :: therapeutic use; Bartonella Infections :: drug therapy; Bartonella Infections :: veterinary; Bartonella henselae :: drug effects; Cat Diseases :: drug therapy; Cats; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Comparative Study; Doxycycline :: blood; Doxycycline :: therapeutic use; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fluoroquinolones; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Quinolones :: blood; Quinolones :: therapeutic use; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford House, Bristol.
The aim of this study was to titrate the optimal dose of carprofen for single dose usage, for alleviating postoperative pain, under a double-blind and randomised protocol, using both negative and positive controls. Renal tolerance was assessed by screening plasma urea and creatinine. Pre- and postoperative assessment of pain and sedation was made using a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scoring system in 60 cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. The cats were randomly assigned to one of six groups:(1) carprofen at 1. mg/kg subcutaneously (sc);(2) carprofen at 2. mg/kg sc;(3) carprofen at 4. mg/kg sc;(4) pethidine at 5. mg/kg intramuscularly (im),(5) pethidine at 10. mg/kg im: and (6) no analgesics (injection of saline). All injections were given postoperatively on tracheal extubation and administered in a double-blind manner. Assessments were made up to 20 hours post extubation. Prior to induction and at 20 hours post extubation, blood samples were taken for laboratory analysis of the urea and creatinine content to check for any adverse effect on renal function. Cats given pethidine did not appear more sedated than the groups receiving carprofen or saline. Cats receiving carprofen were in less pain postoperatively overall, with 4. mg/kg being the most effective dose rate (significantly better than the other doses of carprofen at four and eight hours post extubation). The highest dose of pethidine provided significantly better analgesia than the highest dose of carprofen up to two hours post extubation, but from two to 20 hours post extubation carprofen at 4. mg/kg provided significantly better analgesia than the pethidine. None of the analgesic regimens appeared to affect renal function adversely, as measured by urea and creatinine levels.
Mesh-terms: Analgesics :: administration & dosage; Analgesics :: therapeutic use; Analgesics, Opioid :: administration & dosage; Analgesics, Opioid :: therapeutic use; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal :: administration & dosage; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal :: therapeutic use; Carbazoles :: administration & dosage; Carbazoles :: therapeutic use; Cat Diseases :: drug therapy; Cats; Comparative Study; Creatinine :: blood; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Injections, Intramuscular :: veterinary; Injections, Subcutaneous :: veterinary; Kidney :: drug effects; Kidney :: physiology; Meperidine :: administration & dosage; Meperidine :: therapeutic use; Pain, Postoperative :: drug therapy; Pain, Postoperative :: veterinary; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Urea :: blood;
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA.
Within the past several decades, the number of Ehrlichia spp. recognized to infect cats, dogs, and human beings has expanded substantially. The recent application of advanced techniques in molecular biology has changed how ehrlichiosis is diagnosed and has provided new tools for the assessment of treatment. As these techniques are applied, the numerous questions that relate to the management of dogs and cats with ehrlichiosis ultimately will be answered. We hope this consensus statement will assist veterinarians in the management of their patients.
Mesh-terms: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents :: therapeutic use; Cat Diseases :: diagnosis; Cat Diseases :: drug therapy; Cat Diseases :: microbiology; Cats; Diagnosis, Differential; Dog Diseases :: diagnosis; Dog Diseases :: drug therapy; Dog Diseases :: microbiology; Dogs; Ehrlichia :: isolation & purification; Ehrlichia :: pathogenicity; Ehrlichiosis :: diagnosis; Ehrlichiosis :: drug therapy; Ehrlichiosis :: veterinary; Geography; Prognosis; Serologic Tests; Ticks;
The frequency of prescribing analgesics and administering them for the treatment of apparent postoperative pain in 243 dogs and 15 cats was evaluated. Surgeries performed on the animals evaluated included limb amputations, limb-sparing bone cancer resection, thoracotomy, cervical vertebral instability repair, and humeral fracture repair. Only 1 cat was treated once with an analgesic after surgery, and cats were not evaluated statistically. Dogs undergoing amputation, limb salvage procedure, or thoracotomy were more likely to be treated than dogs undergoing the other surgeries. Ninety-six (40%) of the 243 dogs were under the influence of an analgesic at any time during their postoperative hospital stay, and 69 dogs (28%) received 1 or more doses of an analgesic after recovery from general anesthesia. One hundred thirty-three dogs were cared for in the intensive care unit (ICU) immediately after surgery. Written instructions for treatment with an analgesic were given for 61 of those dogs, and 50 were given at least 1 dose of the prescribed analgesic. Dogs cared for in the ICU were twice as likely to be given an analgesic as dogs cared for in the surgery ward. The estimated duration of analgesic effect exceeded 8 hours in 46 (19%) of 243 dogs. Small and juvenile dogs were least likely to be treated. Interns and residents were twice as likely as faculty to administer analgesics. Most written interpretations of pain behavior observed in the ICU were made on the basis of vocalizations. Half of the dogs for which medical record comments suggested moderate to severe pain were not given an analgesic. The most frequently administered analgesic immediately following surgery was oxymorphone, followed by butorphanol and morphine. Aspirin was never administered to dogs in the ICU, but was used in 10 dogs that were in the surgery ward for > 74 hours.
Mesh-terms: Amputation :: veterinary; Analgesics :: therapeutic use; Animals; Breeding; Cat Diseases :: drug therapy; Cats; Cervical Vertebrae :: surgery; Dog Diseases :: drug therapy; Dogs; Extremities :: surgery; Female; Hospitals, Animal; Hospitals, Teaching; Humeral Fractures :: surgery; Humeral Fractures :: veterinary; Male; Pain, Postoperative :: drug therapy; Pain, Postoperative :: veterinary; Retrospective Studies; Thoracotomy :: veterinary;
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
Records of 127 cats with arterial thromboembolism (ATE) were reviewed. Abyssinian, Birman, Ragdoll, and male cats were overrepresented. Tachypnea (91%), hypothermia (66%), and absent limb motor function (66%) were common. Of 90 cats with diagnostics performed, underlying diseases were hyperthyroidism (12), cardiomyopathy (dilated [8], unclassified [33], hypertrophic obstructive [5], hypertrophic [19]), neoplasia (6), other (4), and none (3). Common abnormalities were left atrial enlargement (93%), congestive heart failure (CHF, 44%), and arrhythmias (44%). Of cats without CHF, 89% were tachypneic. Common biochemical abnormalities were hyperglycemia, azotemia, and abnormally high serum concentrations of muscle enzymes. Of 87 cats treated for acute limb ATE, 39 (45%) survived to be discharged. Significant differences were found between survivors and nonsurvivors for temperature (P <.00001), heart rate (P =.038), serum phosphorus concentration (P =.024), motor function (P =.008), and number of limbs affected (P =.001). No significant difference was found between survivors and nonsurvivors when compared by age, respiratory rate, other biochemical analytes, or concurrent CHE A logistic regression model based on rectal temperature predicted a 50% probability of survival at 98.9 degrees F (37.2 degrees C). Median survival time (MST) for discharged cats was 117 days. Eleven cats had ATE recurrences, and 5 cats developed limb problems. Cats with CHF (MST: 77 days) had significantly shorter survival than cats without CHF (MST: 223 days; P =.016). No significant difference was found in survival or recurrence rate between cats receiving high-dose aspirin (> or = 40 mg/cat q72h) and cats receiving low-dose aspirin (5 mg/cat q72h). Adverse effects were less frequent and milder for the lower dosage.
Mesh-terms: Acute Disease; Animals; Aspirin :: administration & dosage; Aspirin :: therapeutic use; Cat Diseases :: diagnosis; Cat Diseases :: drug therapy; Cat Diseases :: mortality; Cat Diseases :: physiopathology; Cats; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Male; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors :: administration & dosage; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors :: therapeutic use; Prognosis; Recurrence; Survival Analysis; Thromboembolism :: drug therapy; Thromboembolism :: mortality; Thromboembolism :: physiopathology; Thromboembolism :: veterinary; Time Factors;
Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada.
To manage pain successfully, assessment of the presence and degree of pain is essential. This article describes the various signs and behaviors that may be presumed to be associated with pain of varying degrees. Conditions that are associated with pain and situations that influence the severity of pain are also discussed. The general approach to management of these situations is outlined, with an introduction to the various articles in this issue dealing with specific mechanisms and modalities involved in the treatment of pain.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Two Devon Rex cats from the same litter, which had no evidence of liver disease, malabsorption of vitamin K or chronic ingestion of coumarin derivatives, were found to have plasma deficiencies of factors II, VII, IX and X. Oral treatment with vitamin K1 resulted in the normalization of these coagulation factors. After taking liver biopsies it was demonstrated that the coagulation abnormality was accompanied by a defective gamma-glutamyl-carboxylase, which had a decreased affinity for both vitamin K hydroquinone and propeptide. This observation prompted us to study in a well-defined in vitro system the possible allosteric interaction between the propeptide binding site and the vitamin K hydroquinone binding site on carboxylase. It was shown that by the binding of a propeptide-containing substrate to gamma-glutamylcarboxylase the apparent KM for vitamin K hydroquinone is decreased about 20-fold. On the basis of these in vitro data the observed defect in the Devon Rex cats can be fully explained.
Mesh-terms: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Blood Coagulation Disorders :: blood; Blood Coagulation Disorders :: drug therapy; Blood Coagulation Disorders :: veterinary; Carbon-Carbon Ligases; Cat Diseases :: blood; Cat Diseases :: drug therapy; Cat Diseases :: enzymology; Cats; Factor X :: metabolism; Kinetics; Ligases :: deficiency; Liver :: enzymology; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptides :: chemistry; Prothrombin :: metabolism; Substrate Specificity; Vitamin K :: therapeutic use;
Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6010, USA.
A retrospective evaluation was performed on 12 cats with nonresectable, histopathologically confirmed fibrosarcomas that were treated with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. All of the tumors were located in sites potentially used for vaccination. Six cats had a greater than 50% decrease in gross tumor burden. However, the responses were not durable, with a median response duration of 125 days. All cats developed progressive disease. When animals that received other treatments after doxorubicin-based chemotherapy were eliminated from the analysis, median survival time was significantly longer for cats that responded to chemotherapy compared with the median survival time for nonresponders (242 and 83 days, respectively). These findings may serve as a basis for further evaluating the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of vaccine-associated sarcomas.
Mesh-terms: Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols :: therapeutic use; Cat Diseases :: drug therapy; Cat Diseases :: mortality; Cat Diseases :: pathology; Cats; Cyclophosphamide :: administration & dosage; Disease-Free Survival; Doxorubicin :: administration & dosage; Female; Fibrosarcoma :: chemically induced; Fibrosarcoma :: drug therapy; Fibrosarcoma :: veterinary; Male; Records :: veterinary; Retrospective Studies; Skin Neoplasms :: chemically induced; Skin Neoplasms :: drug therapy; Skin Neoplasms :: veterinary; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines :: adverse effects;
Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. ppadrid@vcai.com
Human asthma is not a curable disease, although spontaneous resolution is common in adult asthmatics who developed asthma in childhood. We do not know if this is true or not for cats with asthma. We do know that some cats may be only mildly and intermittently symptomatic and that others may suffer life-threatening illness. An important new development in our understanding of this disease is the occurrence of airway inflammation even when patients are symptom-free. It is therefore crucial that we direct our therapeutic attention toward the underlying chronic inflammation that causes the acute clinical signs of cough, wheeze, and increased respiratory effort. Client education is also critical so that our clients develop realistic expectations of the effectiveness of these treatments for their pets. A great deal still needs to be learned regarding the pathogenesis of feline asthma and the optimal approach(es) to treating cats with this sometimes debilitating and potentially fatal respiratory syndrome. There is great hope and anticipation that ongoing research can bring new treatments for human and feline asthmatics alike.
Mesh-terms: Animals; Brain :: pathology; Cat Diseases :: diagnosis; Cat Diseases :: drug therapy; Cats; Dextroamphetamine :: therapeutic use; Dog Diseases :: diagnosis; Dog Diseases :: drug therapy; Dog Diseases :: pathology; Dog Diseases :: physiopathology; Dogs; Electroencephalography; Human; Male; Narcolepsy :: diagnosis; Narcolepsy :: drug therapy; Narcolepsy :: pathology; Narcolepsy :: physiopathology; Narcolepsy :: veterinary; Sleep;
