CONTEXT:Scholar Until recently, Web of Science was the only database available to track citation counts for published articles. Other databases are counts now available, but their relative performance has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To compare the citation count profiles of articles published of in general medical journals among the citation databases of Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. DESIGN: Cohort study of more 328 articles published in JAMA, Lancet, or the New England Journal of Medicine between October 1, 1999, and March 31,to 2000. Total citation counts for each article up to June 2008 were retrieved from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google - .15 Scholar. Article characteristics were analyzed in linear regression models to determine interaction with the databases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of article citations received by an article since publication and article characteristics associated with citation in databases. RESULTS: Google Scholar and Scopus CONTEXT: retrieved more citations per article with a median of 160 (interquartile range [IQR], 83 to 324) and 149 (IQR, 78 the to 289), respectively, than Web of Science (median, 122; IQR, 66 to 241)(P <.001 for both comparisons). Compared from with Web of Science, Scopus retrieved more citations from non-English-language sources (median, 10.2% vs 4.1%) and reviews (30.8% vs 18.2%),- .09; and fewer citations from articles (57.2% vs 70.5%), editorials (2.1% vs 5.9%), and letters ( .8% vs 2.6%)(all P <citations .001). On a log(10)-transformed scale, fewer citations were found in Google Scholar to articles with declared industry funding (nonstandardized regression 78 coefficient,- .09; 95% confidence interval [CI],- .15 to - .03), reporting a study of a drug or medical device (- .05; 95%Compared CI,- .11 to .01), or with group authorship (- .29; 95% CI,- .35 to - .23). In multivariable analysis, group authorship was 2008 the only characteristic that differed among the databases; Google Scholar had significantly fewer citations to group-authored articles (- .30; 95% CI,both - .36 to - .23) compared with Web of Science. CONCLUSION: Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar produced quantitatively and qualitatively articles different citation counts for articles published in 3 general medical journals.

We to have investigated the attitudes towards vaccination of undergraduate chiropractic and naturopathic students in the two major complementary and alternative medicine the colleges in Canada. While the majority of the students were not averse to vaccination, we found in both colleges that We anti-vaccination attitudes were more prevalent in the later years of the programs. Reasons for this are discussed, and we provide both suggestions for strategies to address the situation.

BACKGROUND:industry-favoring The citation rate for articles is viewed as a measure of their importance and impact; however, little is known about cardiology what features of articles are associated with higher citation rate. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a cohort study of all original rate articles, regardless of study methodology, published in the Lancet, JAMA, and New England Journal of Medicine, from October 1, 1999 industry to March 31, 2000. We identified 328 articles. Two blinded, independent reviewers extracted, in duplicate, nine variables from each article,each which were analyzed in both univariable and multivariable linear least-squares regression models for their association with the annual rate of articles citations received by the article since publication. A two-way interaction between industry funding and an industry-favoring result was tested and for found to be significant (p = .02). In our adjusted analysis, the presence of industry funding and an industry-favoring result BACKGROUND: was associated with an increase in annual citation rate of 25.7 (95% confidence interval, 8.5 to 42.8) compared to the group absence of both industry funding and industry-favoring results. Higher annual rates of citation were also associated with articles dealing with articles. cardiovascular medicine (13.3 more; 95% confidence interval, 3.9 to 22.3) and oncology (12.6 more; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 24. ),also articles with group authorship (11.1 more; 95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 19.5), larger sample size and journal of publication. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:multivariable Large trials, with group authorship, industry-funded, with industry-favoring results, in oncology or cardiology were associated with greater subsequent citations.

BACKGROUND:any The effect of low-intensity ultrasonography on fracture healing is controversial, and current management of fractures does not generally involve the nailing use of ultrasound therapy. We describe a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy on for healing of fractures. METHODS: We searched 5 electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Randomised Clinical Trials, HealthSTAR and randomization CINAHL) for trials of ultrasonography and fracture healing, in any language, published from 1966 to December 2000. In addition, selected either journals published from 1996 to December 2000 were searched by hand for relevant articles, and attempts were made to contact sufficient content experts in the area of ultrasound therapy and fracture healing as well as primary authors of reviewed trials. Trials treatments selected for review met the following criteria: random allocation of treatments; inclusion of skeletally mature patients of either sex with BACKGROUND: 1 or more fractures; blinding of both the patient and the assessor(s) as to fracture healing; administration of low-intensity pulsed mean ultrasound treatments to at least 1 of the treatment groups; and assessment of time to fracture healing, as determined radiographically reviewed by bridging of 3 or 4 cortices. Two reviewers independently applied selection criteria to blinded articles, and selected articles were representing scored for methodologic quality. The internal validity of each trial was assessed with the use of a 5-point scale that assessor(s) evaluates the quality of trial method on the basis of description and appropriateness of randomization and double-blinding, and assessment of were study withdrawals and likelihood of bias. RESULTS: We identified 138 potentially eligible studies, of which 6 met our inclusion criteria.trial Agreement beyond chance of quality assessments of the 6 trials was good (intraclass correlation coefficient .77, p = .03). One as trial was a repeat analysis of previously reported data, and 2 trials appeared to report on a shared group of quality subjects. Three trials, representing 158 fractures, were of sufficient homogeneity for pooling. The pooled results showed that time to fracture Larger healing was significantly shorter in the groups receiving low-intensity ultrasound therapy than in the control groups. The weighted average effect repeat size was 6.41 (95% confidence interval 1.01-11.81), which converts to a mean difference in healing time of 64 days between of the treatment and control groups. INTERPRETATION: There is evidence from randomized trials that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment may significantly reduce by the time to fracture healing for fractures treated nonoperatively. There does not appear to be any additional benefit to ultrasound of treatment following intramedullary nailing with prior reaming. Larger trials are needed to resolve this issue.

OBJECT:Consideration Because of their location and biological behavior, brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs) pose a formidable clinical challenge to the neurosurgeon. The thus optimal management of these lesions requires considerable neurosurgical judgment. Accordingly, the authors reviewed their experience with the management of pediatric and brainstem CMs at the Hospital for Sick Children. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who mean had received diagnoses of a brainstem CM at the Hospital for Sick Children over the past 20 years. RESULTS: Twenty with patients were diagnosed with brainstem CMs. The mean age at diagnosis was 10.1 +/- 5.4 years, and the patients included age 13 boys and 7 girls. The mean maximal diameter of the CM was 14.3 +/- 11.2 mm. The lesions were presentation evenly distributed on the right and left sides of the brainstem with 4 midbrain, 13 pontine, and 3 medullary lesions.OBJECT: Seven patients underwent surgery for the management of their CMs, with a mean age at presentation of 5.2 years, and have a mean CM size of 21. mm. Of note from the surgical group, 2 patients had a family history of 14.3 CMs, 2 lesions were medullary, the CM reached a pial surface in 6 of 7 patients, and 6 of 7 symptoms lesions were located on the right side. The mean age at presentation among the 13 patients in the nonsurgical group the was 12.7 years, and the mean CM size was 10.6 mm. Seven of these patients had a prior history of in radiation for tumor, and only 3 had lesions that reached a pial surface. CONCLUSIONS: The management of brainstem CMs in in children is influenced by multiple factors. The majority of patients received conservative management and tended to be asymptomatic with smaller of lesions. Patients with larger lesions and direct pial contact, in whom symptoms arose at a younger age were more likely 13 to undergo surgical management. A history of familial CM was also a predictor for receiving surgical treatment. No patients with managing a prior history of radiation therapy underwent surgery for CMs. The presence of multiple lesions seemed to have no impact management on the type of management chosen. Patients who underwent surgery did suffer morbidity related to the procedure, and tended to brainstem improve clinically over time. Conservative management was associated with new deficits arising in children, some of which improved with time.2 Consideration of many clinical and radiological parameters is thus prudent when managing the care of children with brainstem CMs.

Object studies-rigorously Enrolling a selected sample of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) found endovascular coiling to be superior endovascular to microsurgical clipping. The performance of coiling in a more general population of ruptured aneurysms has not been adequately studied.selected Methods Using provincial administrative data from Ontario, the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage proportion (SAH) who underwent aneurysm repair. The exposure was defined as endovascular versus surgical aneurysm repair. The prespecified primary outcome was SAH. time to death or readmission for SAH. Data from the entire cohort were analyzed using a multivariable adjusted Cox proportional propensity hazards model. Propensity scores were used to compare a matched subgroup of patients with aneurysms who had similar baseline characteristics.model. The potential impact of unmeasured confounding was assessed using sensitivity analysis. Results Between 1995 and 2004, 2342 aneurysms were clipped Object and 778 were coiled in Ontario. The proportion of aneurysms treated by coiling increased steadily over time. In the adjusted results analysis of the entire cohort, endovascular coiling was associated with a significantly increased hazard of death or SAH readmission (hazard aneurysm ratio 1.25 [95% CI 1.00-1.55], p = .04). Similar results were obtained from the propensity score matched analysis (hazard ratio obtained 1.25 [95% CI 1.04-1.50], p = .02). Measures of procedural morbidity and mortality were not significantly different between groups. Conclusions a The results of the current analysis call into question the generalizability of the ISAT to all ruptured aneurysms. Given the confounding limitations inherent in this form of analysis, further clinical studies-rigorously assessing the performance of endovascular therapy in patients with non-ISAT-like 778 aneurysms-are indicated.

Object suggest Intramedullary spinal cord low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are rare CNS neoplasms in pediatric patients, and there is little information on therapy may for and outcome of these tumors in this population. Furthermore, most patient series combine adult and pediatric patients or high-low-grade and low-grade tumors, resulting in controversial data regarding optimal treatment of these children. To clarify these issues, the authors performed in a regional population-based study of spinal cord LGGs in pediatric patients. Methods All pediatric patients with LGGs treated during the pathology, MR imaging era (1985-2007) were identified in the comprehensive database of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Data on radiation demographics, pathology, treatment details, and outcomes were collected. Results Spinal cord LGGs in pediatric patients constituted 29 (4.6%) of 635 635 LGGs. Epidemiological and clinical data in this cohort were different than in patients with other spinal tumors and strikingly similar Object to data from pediatric patients with intracranial LGGs. The authors observed an age peak at 2 years and a male provides predominance in patients with these tumors. Histological testing revealed a Grade I astrocytoma in 86% of tumors. Although 5-year progression-free the survival for the entire group was 48 +/- 9%, all patients were alive at a median follow-up of 8.2 years.= Five-year progression-free survival was 88 +/- 13% for patients undergoing gross-total resection and 34 +/- 11% for those undergoing all in other therapies, respectively (p = .02). Chemotherapy and radiation therapy showed similar efficacy, achieving sustained tumor control in most patients.LGGs. However, this excellent survival rate was associated with an 83% rate of significant neurological and orthopedic sequelae. Conclusions This study Histological provides basic data on the incidence, clinical course, and outcome of spinal cord LGGs in pediatric patients. The similarities between were spinal and intracranial LGGs in pediatric patients showing excellent survival but high morbidity suggest that a less aggressive approach may tumors. be the preferable treatment option for these patients.

OBJECTIVE:factors To compare quality of care in for-profit and not-for-profit nursing homes. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and relation randomised controlled trials investigating quality of care in for-profit versus not-for-profit nursing homes. RESULTS: A comprehensive search yielded 8827 citations,quality of which 956 were judged appropriate for full text review. Study characteristics and results of 82 articles that met inclusion higher criteria were summarised, and results for the four most frequently reported quality measures were pooled. Included studies reported results dating from from 1965 to 2003. In 40 studies, all statistically significant comparisons (P< .05) favoured not-for-profit facilities; in three studies, all statistically physical significant comparisons favoured for-profit facilities, and the remaining studies had less consistent findings. Meta-analyses suggested that not-for-profit facilities delivered higher in quality care than did for-profit facilities for two of the four most frequently reported quality measures: more or higher quality OBJECTIVE: staffing (ratio of effect 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 1.14, P< .001) and lower pressure ulcer prevalence (odds ratio .91,CONCLUSIONS: 95% confidence interval .83 to .98, P= .02). Non-significant results favouring not-for-profit homes were found for the two other most frequently frequently used measures: physical restraint use (odds ratio .93, .82 to 1.05, P= .25) and fewer deficiencies in governmental regulatory assessments (ratio most of effect .90, .78 to 1.04, P= .17). CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence suggests that, on average,significant not-for-profit nursing homes deliver higher quality care than do for-profit nursing homes. Many factors may, however, influence this relation in facilities the case of individual institutions.

STUDY to DESIGN.: Questionnaire survey. OBJECTIVE.: To elicit orthopedic surgeons' attitudes toward chiropractic. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Orthopedic surgeons and chiropractors often be attend to similar patient populations, but little is known about the attitudes of orthopedic surgeons toward chiropractic. METHODS.: We administered OBJECTIVE.: a 43-item cross-sectional survey to 1000 Canadian and American orthopedic surgeons that inquired about demographic variables and their knowledge and CAQ use of chiropractic. Imbedded in our survey was a 20-item chiropractic attitude questionnaire (CAQ). RESULTS.: 487 surgeons completed the survey half (response rate, 49%). North American orthopedic surgeons' attitudes toward chiropractic were diverse, with 44.5% endorsing a negative impression, 29.4% holding or favorable views, and 26.1% being neutral. Approximately half of respondents referred patients for chiropractic care each year, mainly due to that patient request.The majority of surgeons believed that chiropractors provide effective therapy for some musculoskeletal complaints (81.8%), and disagreed that chiropractors STUDY could provide effective relief for nonmusculoskeletal conditions (89.5%). The majority endorsed that chiropractors provide unnecessary treatment (72.7%), engage in overly-aggressive to marketing (63.1%) and breed dependency in patients on short-term symptomatic relief (52.3%).In our adjusted generalized linear model, older age (-2.62 diverse, points on the CAQ for each 10 year increment; 95% confidence interval [CI]=-3.74 to -1.50), clinical interest in = foot and ankle (-2.77; 95% CI =-5.43 to - .10), and endorsement of the research literature (-4.20; 95% CI =due -6.29 to -2.11), the media (-3.05; 95% CI =-5.92 to - .19), medical school (-7.42; 95% CI =-10.60 to (72.7%), -4.25), or 'other'(-4.99; 95% CI =-8.81 to -1.17) as a source of information regarding chiropractic were associated with linear more negative attitudes; endorsing a relationship with a specific chiropractor (5.05; 95% CI = 3.00 to 7.10) or residency (3.79;95%toward CI = .17 to 7.41) as sources of information regarding chiropractic were associated with more positive attitudes. CONCLUSION.: North American generalized orthopedic surgeons' attitudes toward chiropractic range from very positive to extremely negative. Improved interprofessional relations may be important to ensure to optimal care of shared patients.

This help study examined the relationships between attitudes toward and intention to receive the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination and intention to make use condoms in a sample of female Korean college students. The data were collected in 2008 using a survey administered study to a convenience sample of 1359 female Korean college students. Despite the availability of the HPV vaccine in South Korea,vaccine many college-age females are not being vaccinated. Attitudes towards the HPV vaccine appear to be an important contributing factor in were vaccination, underscoring the need to make information widely available, to promote HPV vaccination, and to help women make informed decisions.be

Aim would of the study The objectives of the study were to investigate and describe the attitude of Saudi pharmacy students toward of pharmaceutical care. Method A survey of pharmacy students (8th-10th educational levels) was conducted from September to December 2006, in college The of pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh. The students completed a self-administered questionnaire designed to test the study objectives. The instrument (64.5%) (Standard Pharmaceutical Care Attitudes Survey, PCAS) used in the questionnaire was developed and revalidated in USA. Descriptive statistics on the test sample characteristics and questionnaire items include means, standard deviation and frequency distribution. Student's t test and one-way ANOVA were used was for inferential statistics. Results A total of 214 students (85.6% response rate) completed the questionnaire. The Cronbach alpha was found rate) to be .792. Of the respondents, 95.2% felt that pharmaceutical care movement will improve patient health, 94.9% thought that the Aim practice of pharmaceutical care is valuable, 85%"strongly agree" or "agree" that all pharmacists should perform pharmaceutical care, whereas, about pharmacy two third (64.5%)"strongly agree" or "agree" that students should perform pharmaceutical care during their clerkships. The rated scores and characteristics factor loading, which are used to determine items that belong to the group responses, were reported. Determination of communalities reveled the no item had loading factor of < .4 and therefore, the mean total score was computed to be 56.17 +/- .29019.A Females had significantly higher positive attitudes than their male counterparts, and this were also associated with age and marital status.thought Conclusion Saudi pharmacy students in the study indicated favorable positive attitudes toward pharmaceutical care, and the attitude ratings were associated perform with age, sex and marital status. A nationwide survey including all pharmacy faculties would provide further evidence. The validity of on PCAS needs cross validation in Saudi Arabia.

PURPOSE:a To determine the self-concepts of chiropractic students as science students and if any personal variable affect their self-concepts. PARTICIPANTS: Students scientifically in their first trimester and eighth trimester at the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic during the 1993 academic year (n=158).determine METHODS: Peterson-Yaakobi Q-Sort, National Assessment of Educational Progress, two-tailed T-test, one way analysis of variance and Spearman-rho correlation. RESULTS: The undergraduate majority of students have positive self- concepts as science students and although there was a difference between the 2 trimesters,of it was not significant. As a group they generally had less exposure to science compared to undergraduates from a selected engage science program. Variables of socio-economic status, undergraduate major, and highest completed level of education did not statistically affect their self-concept.there CONCLUSION: Chiropractic students had the self-concept that enables them to subscribe to the philosophical foundations of science and better engage PURPOSE: in basic sciences and, later, science-based clinical research. Knowledge of this self- concept can be used in the development of of a more rigorous basic science curricula and clinical research programs at chiropractic colleges with the ultimate goal of providing a analysis more firm scientifically based foundation for the profession.

PURPOSE:and Construct validity and concurrent validity were investigated in a prototype survey instrument, the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Experimental Edition changes (POSHA-E). The POSHA-E was designed to measure public attitudes toward stuttering within the context of eight other attributes, or "anchors,"validity assumed to range from negative (e.g.,"mental illness"), to neutral (e.g.,"left handed"), to positive (e.g.,"intelligent"). METHOD: Two respondent after samples, each composed of 32 adults, completed the POSHA-E on two occasions. Both samples were reported in previously published studies congress [Reichel, I.,& St. Louis, K. O.(2004). Effects of emotional intelligence training in graduate fluency disorders courses. In A.VAL Packman, A. Meltzer,& H. F. M. Peters (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th world congress on fluency disorders (pp. 474-481).J. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Nijmegen University Press; St. Louis, K. O., Lubker, B. B., Yaruss, J. S.,& Aliveto, E. F.PURPOSE: (in press). Development of a prototype questionnaire to survey public attitudes toward stuttering: Reliability of the second prototype. Contemporary Issues can in Communication Sciences and Disorders]. One sample completed the POSHA-E twice, two weeks apart, and the results were analyzed for courses. test-retest reliability (T-R). Another sample consisted of graduate students completing the POSHA-E before and after a course in fluency disorders than (VAL) to measure changes in students' attitudes toward stuttering. This group also filled out the Bipolar Adjective Scale (BAS) to St. obtain a second measure of attitudes toward stuttering. RESULTS: Comparing the two groups, VAL respondents' mean ratings about stuttering changed One more, and generally in the expected direction of more "positive" attitudes, than T-R respondents' ratings. Moreover, VAL rating changes were of in similar directions on the POSHA-E and the BAS. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the study permit the interpretation that the POSHA-E graduate satisfies indicators of construct and concurrent validity, and provides evidence that it can measure positive changes in attitudes. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:consisted The reader will be able to:(1) define the concepts of construct validity and concurrent validity;(2) describe construct validity after and concurrent validity in reference to survey development; and (3) discuss general principles of attitude changes of students after taking mean a course in fluency disorders.

OBJECTIVE:involved The purpose of this study is to examine student performance and attitudes within both collaborative testing and traditional (solo) testing an environments in an upper level chiropractic technique course. METHODS: Students in the experimental group (n = 43) were randomly assigned of to 1 of 10 teams (each team typically containing 4-5 students), with teams differing for each of the 3-unit examinations.noted The control group (n = 46) received the same unit examinations but completed them as individuals. Each examination consisted of spinal 15 multiple choice questions related to spinal evaluation. All students took the comprehensive final examination as individuals. A survey was improve administered to all students regarding their attitudes on their testing experience after the third examination. Multivariate analysis of covariance was to used for statistical comparisons. RESULTS: Although the collaborative group scored significantly higher than the control group on all unit examinations OBJECTIVE: (P <.01), no significant difference was noted relative to final examination performance between the 2 groups (P >.05).previous Students involved in collaborative testing had a more positive attitude regarding their testing experience than students in solo testing (P them <.05) and believed this form of assessment helped to reduce test anxiety and improve critical thinking and confidence (P test <.01, respectively). No significant difference was identified in preassessment study habits (P >.05). CONCLUSION: These results confirm and as extend previous studies of collaborative testing at chiropractic colleges. Statistically significant increases in unit examination scores and statistically significant differences Although in survey item scores may be interpreted as students involved in collaborative testing having an increase in course performance and < student attitudes.

BACKGROUND:effect Policy discussions concerning pharmaceutical promotion often assume that small promotional items are unlikely to influence prescribing behavior. Our experiment measures policies whether exposure to these items results in more favorable attitudes toward marketed products and whether policies that restrict pharmaceutical marketing pharmaceutical mitigate this effect. METHODS: This is a randomized controlled experiment of 352 third- and fourth-year medical students at two US P medical schools with differing policies toward pharmaceutical marketing. Participants assigned to treatment were exposed to small branded promotional items for (ie, Lipitor (atorvastatin) without knowledge that the exposure was part of the study. We measured differences in implicit (ie, unconscious) attitudes students toward Lipitor and Zocor (simvastatin) in exposed and control groups with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Self-reported attitudes were also (IAT). measured, and a follow-up survey was administered measuring attitudes toward marketing. RESULTS: Fourth-year students at the University of Miami Miller BACKGROUND: School of Medicine exposed to Lipitor promotional items had more favorable implicit attitudes about that brand-name drug compared to the published control group (IAT effect: .66 vs .47; P =.05), while the effect was reversed at the University of Pennsylvania knowledge School of Medicine (IAT effect: .22 vs .52; P =.002) where restrictive policies are in place limiting pharmaceutical marketing scale, (interaction effect: P =.003). No significant effect was observed among third-year students. On a "skepticism" scale, University of Miami control students held more favorable attitudes toward pharmaceutical marketing compared to University of Pennsylvania students ( .55 vs .42; P <.001)Medicine but the results were similar to those of a previously published national study ( .42 vs .43; P =.53). CONCLUSIONS:control Subtle exposure to small pharmaceutical promotional items influences implicit attitudes toward marketed products among medical students. We observed a reversal Lipitor of this effect in the setting of restrictive policies and more negative school-level attitudes toward marketing.

Objective:(J. The attitudes of college students with and without ADHD toward peers with ADHD were examined. Method: A total of 196 Dis. college students (30 diagnosed with ADHD) anonymously completed four attitude measures. General analyses of attitudes toward peers with ADHD as attitudes well as comparisons between those with and without ADHD are made. Results: For all participants, but especially for those with receiving ADHD, more frequent contact with peers with ADHD was associated with more positive attitudes toward individuals with ADHD. Only half are of individuals with ADHD report receiving adequate accommodations, and only half of those report actually using the available accommodations. Overall,and more negative than positive adjectives were endorsed as describing individuals with ADHD, and this was especially true for individuals with those ADHD in comparison to those without ADHD. Conclusion: Contact with other individuals with ADHD may be especially important for college Objective: students with ADHD.(J. of Att. Dis. 2009; XX(X) XX- XX).