Individuals purpose. with Rett syndrome (RS) present severe motor, language and cognitive deficits, as well as spontaneous hand movement loss. On the when other hand, there are strong evidence that these individuals use the eyes with intentional purpose. Ten girls aged 4y8m to hand 12y10m with RS were assessed with a computer system for visual tracking regarding their ability of indicating with eyes the with recognition of concepts of color (red, yellow and blue), shape (circle, square and triangle), size (big and small) and spatial are position (over and under) to which they were first exposed to. Results from comparing the time of eyes fixation on system required and not required concepts did not differ significantly. Children did not show with eyes the recognition of the required strong concepts when assessed with eye tracking system.

The introducing cognitive neuroscience of semantics has focused largely on object knowledge. By contrast, spatial semantics, especially as related to language, has located received little attention. Spatial thought and language gives our semantic system a rich texture by introducing relational thinking and greater related levels of abstraction than is evoked by object semantics. This article describes the neural instantiation of spatial thought and language neuroscience based on imaging and lesion studies. We underscore two functional-anatomical organizational principles. First, perceptual and conceptual representations have a parallel thought organizational structure within the nervous system. Lateral temporal cortices are important for manners of motion, action representations, and action verbs.article More dorsal regions are important for paths of motion, locative representations, and prepositions. Second, posterior perceptual representations serve as points and of entry for more anterior and centripetally located peri-Sylvian conceptual and linguistic representations.

Contrary past, to the conventional view of infancy as a sensorimotor period without conceptual thought, research over the past 20 years has Database shown that preverbal infants are capable of at least 3 conceptual functions: forming concepts with which to interpret the world,shown recall of the past, and engaging in conceptual generalization. Research is described indicating that the 1st concepts tend to be the global in scope, such as animal or container, and that the course of conceptual development in the first 2 years 3 is largely one of differentiating global concepts into more detailed concepts, such as dog or cup. A theory of how in the 1st global concepts are formed from spatial information is briefly presented, including (a) a mechanism that redescribes spatial information functions: into simpler but accessible form and (b) the primitives it uses for this purpose. Finally, the way concepts become more that complex by means of language and analogical extension to nonspatial information is discussed.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all in rights reserved).

Two When experiments explored how infants learn to form an abstract categorical representation of support (i.e., on) when habituated to few (i.e.,of 2) or many (i.e., 6) examples of the relation. When habituated to 2 pairs of objects in a support relation,(i.e., 14-month-olds, but not 10-month-olds, formed the abstract spatial category (i.e., generalized the relation to novel objects). When habituated to 6 experiments object pairs in a support relation, infants did not attend to the relation. The results indicate that infants learn to (i.e., form an abstract spatial category of support between 10 and 14 months and that having fewer object pairs depicting this but relation facilitates their acquisition of the abstract categorical representation.

Using relative a matching-to-sample procedure, the researchers investigated tufted capuchins'(Cebus apella) ability to form categorical representations of above and below spatial for relations. In Experiment 1, 5 capuchins correctly matched bar-dot stimuli on the basis of the relative above and below location above of their constituent elements. The monkeys showed a positive transfer of performance both when the bar-dot distance in the two matching-to-sample comparison stimuli differed from that of the sample and when the actual location of the matching stimulus and the nonmatching 5 stimulus on the apparatus was modified. In Experiment 2, the researchers systematically changed the shapes of the located object (the of dot) or the reference object (the horizontal bar). These manipulations did not affect the monkeys' performance. Overall, the data suggest capuchins that capuchins can form abstract, conceptual-like representations for above and below spatial relations.

The of spatial representation abilities of 3- to 4-month-old infants were examined in four experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that infants opposite familiarized with a diamond appearing in distinct locations to the left or right of a vertical bar subsequently preferred a left stimulus depicting the diamond on the opposite side of the bar over a stimulus depicting the diamond in a novel abilities location on the same side of the bar. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 1, except that the bar the was oriented at 45 degrees. In this instance, infants divided their attention between the stimulus depicting the diamond on the between opposite side of the bar and the stimulus depicting the diamond in a novel location on the same side of side the bar. Experiment 4 demonstrated that the results of Experiment 3 were not a consequence of a failure to process right the diagonal bar. When considered with previous reports that infants can represent the categories of above and below (Quinn, 1994),a the present results suggest that (1) infants can also represent the categories of left and right, and (2) performance cannot arbitrary be interpreted as a response to an arbitrary crossing of one object relative to another. Although recent discussions of the novel relation between language and cognition have pointed to the ways in which spatial language influences spatial cognition (Bowerman & Levinson,and 2001), the present findings are consistent with an influence in the opposite direction: Spatial cognition may in some instances shape to spatial language.

The recognition other-race effect is a collection of phenomena whereby faces of one's own race are processed differently from those of other and races. Previous studies have revealed a paradoxical mirror pattern of an own-race advantage in face recognition and an other-race advantage from in race-based categorisation. With a well-controlled design, we compared recognition and categorisation of own-race and other-race faces in both Caucasian effect and Chinese participants. Compared with own-race faces, other-race faces were less accurately and more slowly recognised, whereas they were more revealed rapidly categorised by race. The mirror pattern was confirmed by a unique negative correlation between the two effects in terms recognition of reaction time with a hierarchical regression analysis. This finding suggests an antagonistic interaction between the processing of face identity a and that of face category, and a common underlying processing mechanism.

ABSTRACT-transfer Previous research has demonstrated that organizational principles become functional over different time courses of development: Lightness similarity is available at is 3 months of age, but form similarity is not readily in evidence until 6 months of age. We investigated whether at organization would transfer across principles and whether perceptual scaffolding can occur from an already functional principle to a not-yet-operational principle.research Six- to 7-month-old infants (Experiment 1) and 3- to 4-month-old infants (Experiment 2) who were familiarized with arrays of elements not organized by lightness similarity displayed a subsequent visual preference for a novel organization defined by form similarity. Results with the principle. older infants demonstrate transfer in perceptual grouping: The organization defined by one grouping principle can direct a visual preference for in a novel organization defined by a different grouping principle. Findings with the younger infants suggest that learning based on an 3 already functional organizational process enables an organizational process that is not yet functional through perceptual scaffolding.

There depicting has been a recent surge of interest in the question of how infants respond to the social attributes of race of and gender information in faces. This work has demonstrated that by 3 months of age, infants will respond preferentially to and same-race faces and faces depicting the gender of the primary caregiver. In the current study, we investigated emergence of the been female face preference for same- versus other-race faces to examine whether the determinants of preference for face gender and race by are independent or interactive in young infants. In Expt I, 3-month-old Caucasian infants displayed a preference for female over male for faces when the faces were Caucasian, but not when the faces were Asian. In Expt 2, new-born Caucasian infants did months not demonstrate a preference for female over male faces for Caucasian faces. The results are discussed in terms of a information face prototype that becomes progressively tuned as it is structured by the interaction of the gender and race of faces gender that are experienced during early development.

Although perceptual several studies have examined infants' sensitivity to perceptual organizational cues, few have examined the functional relations among these cues. We development examined how uniform connectedness (UC) functions in relation to shape and luminance similarity. UC has been characterized as the entry-level We mechanism of perceptual organization and would therefore be predicted to be more salient than the other two cues. We found studies that UC was more salient than shape similarity organization was, to the point that 6- to 7-month-old infants failed to to even organize on the basis of shape in the presence of UC. Luminance similarity, however, was more salient than UC,found even though UC was detected by infants in the presence of luminance cues. We conclude that UC is not necessarily and the most salient mechanism of perceptual organization in infancy. Moreover, the luminance-UC-shape salience hierarchy exhibited by 6- to 7-month-olds in examined the present study is consistent with the order of development of sensitivity to these organizational cues.

The from other-race effect in face processing develops within the first year of life in Caucasian infants. It is currently unknown whether most the developmental trajectory observed in Caucasian infants can be extended to other cultures. This is an important issue to investigate the because recent findings from cross-cultural psychology have suggested that individuals from Eastern and Western backgrounds tend to perceive the world effect in fundamentally different ways. To this end, the current study investigated 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old Chinese infants' ability to discriminate extended faces within their own racial group and within two other racial groups (African and Caucasian). The 3-month-olds demonstrated recognition in fundamentally all conditions, whereas the 6-month-olds recognized Chinese faces and displayed marginal recognition for Caucasian faces but did not recognize African other faces. The 9-month-olds' recognition was limited to Chinese faces. This pattern of development is consistent with the perceptual narrowing hypothesis developmental that our perceptual systems are shaped by experience to be optimally sensitive to stimuli most commonly encountered in one's unique Chinese cultural environment.

Previous the looking time studies have shown that infants use the heads of cat and dog images to form category representations for that these animal classes. The present research used an eye-tracking procedure to determine the time course of attention to the head images and whether it reflects a preexisting bias or online learning. Six- to 7-month-olds were familiarized with cats or dogs in looking upright or inverted orientations and then tested with a novel cat and novel dog in the same orientation. In the animal upright orientation, infants fixated head over body throughout familiarization; with inversion, no head preference was observed. These findings suggest that preexisting infant reliance on the head to categorize cats versus dogs results from a bias that pushes attention to the head.The

Oncocytic features rectal carcinomas are rare and have only been documented sporadically. Oncocytes are encountered in 2 distinct settings: after preoperative chemoradiation and/or (commoner) and without antecedent chemoradiation (uncommon). The aim of this study was to ascertain the incidence and clinicopathologic features of after rectal cancers with a significant (>25%) component of oncocytes in cases not receiving chemoradiation. Of 72 cases encountered over the carcinomas study period, 8 fulfilled the criteria as oncocytes. These tumors, except for the cellular component of oncocytes, were similar to The conventional adenocarcinomas pathologically and immunophenotypically. Cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm are commonly seen in rectal adenocarcinomas, and they should be separated Of from oncocytic examples. True oncocytes may be seen in conventional adenocarcinomas as individual cells or glands, especially at the infiltrating aim edge of the tumor. All 8 cases appeared to have behaved aggressively with rapid local and/or distant spread over a preoperative short duration.

This why commentary considers the issues of what should be taken as evidence for semantic categorization in infants and why infants display similarity a surprising asymmetry in the categorization of humans versus nonhuman animals. It is argued that perceptual knowledge should be viewed be as a potent source of information for semantic categorization, and that the asymmetrical categorization behavior arises as a consequence of commentary the frequency and similarity structure of experience.

Three-number to 4-month-old female and male human infants were administered a two-dimensional mental-rotation task similar to those given to older children sex and adults. Infants were familiarized with the number 1 (or its mirror image) in seven different rotations between degrees task and 360 degrees , and then preference-tested with a novel rotation of the familiar stimulus paired with its mirror image.to Male infants displayed a novelty preference for the mirror-image stimulus over the novel rotation of the familiar stimulus, whereas females older divided attention between the two test stimuli. The results point toward an early emergence of a sex difference in mental rotation.

J.the Kagan (2008) urges contemporary developmentalists to (a) be cautious when attributing conceptual knowledge to infants based on looking-time performance,(b)developmental constrain their interpretation of infant performance with multiple methodologies, and (c) reconsider the possibility that qualitative development may be the infants path by which perceptual infants become conceptual adults. This commentary outlines an account of conceptual development that adheres to two Kagan of the three Kagan provisos. It is (a) circumspect in the core competencies attributed to infants and (b) grounded in interpretation convergent measures including looking time, event-related potentials, computational modeling, and eye tracking, but (c) maintains that the transition from the become perceptually based category representations of infants to the knowledge-rich concepts of adult is a continuous developmental process marked by quantitative of change.

Piaget infants' proposed that understanding permanency, understanding occlusion events, and forming mental representations were synonymous; however, accumulating evidence indicates that those concepts suggests are not unified in development. Infants reach for endarkened objects at younger ages than for occluded objects, and infants' looking that patterns suggest that they expect occluded objects to reappear at younger ages than they reach for them. We reaffirm the that latter finding in 5- to 6-month-olds and find similar responses to faded objects, but we fail to find that pattern reach in response to endarkened objects. This suggests that looking behavior and reaching behavior are both sensitive to method of disappearance,reach but with opposite effects. Current cognition-oriented (i.e. representation-oriented) explanations of looking behavior cannot easily accommodate these results; neither can perceptual-preference for explanations, nor the traditional ecological reinterpretations of object permanence. A revised ecological hypothesis, invoking affordance learning, suggests how these differences concepts could arise developmentally.

Combining a theoretical hypotheses of infant cognition and adult perception, we present evidence that infants can maintain visual representations despite their failure not to detect a change. Infants under 12 months typically fail to notice a change to an object's height in a evidence covering event. The present experiments demonstrated that 11-month-old infants can nevertheless maintain a viable representation of both the pre- and theoretical post-change heights despite their 'change blindness'. These results suggest that infants, like adults, can simultaneously maintain multiple representations, even if visual they do not optimally use them.

In rotating 8 experiments, the authors examined the use of representations of self-to-object or object-to-object spatial relations during locomotion. Participants learned geometrically (PsycINFO regular or irregular layouts of objects while standing at the edge or in the middle and then pointed to objects irregular while blindfolded in 3 conditions: before turning (baseline), after rotating 240 degrees (updating), and after disorientation (disorientation). The internal consistency experiments, of pointing in the disorientation condition was equivalent to that in the updating condition when participants learned the regular layout.the The internal consistency of pointing was disrupted by disorientation when participants learned the irregular layout. However, when participants who learned that the regular layout were instructed to use self-to-object spatial relations, the effect of disorientation on pointing consistency appeared. When participants and who learned the irregular layout at the periphery of the layout were instructed to use object-to-object spatial relations, the effect of of disorientation disappeared. These results suggest that people represent both self-to-object and object-to-object spatial relations and primarily use object-to-object spatial pointing representation in a regular layout and self-to-object spatial representation in an irregular layout.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all of rights reserved).

This box) study explored 14-month-old infants' ability to form novel word-spatial relation associations. During habituation, infants heard 1 novel word (e.g., teek)of while viewing dynamic containment events (i.e., Big Bird placed in a box) and, on other habituation trials, a second novel heard word (e.g., blick) while viewing dynamic support events (i.e., Big Bird placed on the box). Each novel word was presented study in a sentence (e.g.,"She's putting Big Bird teek the box"). During the test, infants discriminated an event that maintained viewing the habituation word-relation pairing from one that presented a switch in this pairing. The results indicate that 14-month-olds can learn viewing to form word-relation associations quickly, requiring only a few minutes of experience with each word-relation pairing.

Although abstract infants and animals respond to the approximate number of elements in visual, auditory, and tactile arrays, only human children and the adults have been shown to possess abstract numerical representations that apply to entities of all kinds (e.g., 7 samurai, seas,auditory, or sins). Do abstract numerical concepts depend on language or culture, or do they form a part of humans' innate,infants core knowledge? Here we show that newborn infants spontaneously associate stationary, visual-spatial arrays of 4-18 objects with auditory sequences of children events on the basis of number. Their performance provides evidence for abstract numerical representations at the start of postnatal experience.7

Two word experiments explored the ability of 18-month-old infants to form an abstract categorical representation of tight-fit spatial relations in a visual (c) habituation task. In Experiment 1, infants formed an abstract spatial category when hearing a familiar word (tight) during habituation but relations not when viewing the events in silence or when hearing a novel word. In Experiment 2, infants were given experience explored viewing and producing tight-fit relations while an experimenter labeled them with a novel word. Following this experience, infants formed the Experiment tight-fit spatial category in the visual habituation task, particularly when hearing the novel word again during habituation. Results suggest that hearing even brief experience with a label and tight-fit relations can aid infants in forming an abstract categorical representation of tight-fit infants relations.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).

Recent to studies on nonsymbolic arithmetic have illustrated that under conditions that prevent exact calculation, adults display a systematic tendency to overestimate underlying the answers to addition problems and underestimate the answers to subtraction problems. It has been suggested that this operational momentum the results from exposure to a culture-specific practice of representing numbers spatially; alternatively, the mind may represent numbers in spatial terms on from early in development. In the current study, we asked whether operational momentum is present during infancy, prior to exposure to to culture-specific representations of numbers. Infants (9-month-olds) were shown videos of events involving the addition or subtraction of objects with early three different types of outcomes: numerically correct, too large, and too small. Infants looked significantly longer only at those incorrect problems. outcomes that violated the momentum of the arithmetic operation (i.e., at too-large outcomes in subtraction events and too-small outcomes in answers addition events). The presence of operational momentum during infancy indicates developmental continuity in the underlying mechanisms used when operating over during numerical representations.

The (ABB, experiments reported here investigated the development of a fundamental component of cognition: to recognize and generalize abstract relations. Infants were relations presented with simple rule-governed patterned sequences of visual shapes (ABB, AAB, and ABA) that could be discriminated from differences in recognize the position of the repeated element (late, early, or nonadjacent, respectively). Eight-month-olds were found to distinguish patterns on the basis experiments of the repetition, but appeared insensitive to its position in the sequence; 11-month-olds distinguished patterns over the position of the were repetition, but appeared insensitive to the nonadjacent repetition. These results suggest that abstract pattern detection may develop incrementally in a position process of constructing complex relations from more primitive components.

In representations, manual search tasks designed to assess infants' knowledge of the object concept, why does search for objects hidden by darkness (PsycINFO precede search for objects hidden by visible occluders by several months? A graded representations account explains this décalage by proposing objects that the conflicting visual input from occluders directly competes with object representations, whereas darkness merely weakens representations. This study tests search the prediction that representations of objects hidden by darkness are strong enough for infants to bind auditory cues to them account and support search, whereas representations of objects hidden by occluders are not. Six-and-half-month-olds were presented with audible or silent objects enough that remained visible, became hidden by darkness, or became hidden by a visible occluder. Search required engaging in the same this means-end action in all conditions. As predicted, auditory cues increased search when objects were hidden by darkness but not when by they were hidden by a visible occluder. Results are discussed in the context of different facets of object concept development hidden highlighted by graded representations perspectives and core knowledge perspectives and in relation to other work on multimodal object representations.(PsycINFO visible Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).

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