Influenza vaccines are licensed in the European Union (EU) by means of the mutual recognition procedure, which includes a "fast track" variation for rapid approval of new vaccine strains. This "fast track" procedure involves an annual clinical trial and assessment of immunogenicity according to serological criteria published by the EU Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP). A survey of vaccine clinical trials in the elderly over the past four years has demonstrated that inter-laboratory differences in serology results can affect compliance with CPMP licensing criteria. Thus even well established immune correlates of influenza vaccine efficacy can be problematic. For the next generation of vaccines, however, where mucosal or cell-mediated immunity may contribute towards vaccine efficacy, the serological correlates may be inadequate.

The research presents pathogenesis of the chrono osseous necrosis of the knee joint with accompanying clinical, histological and radiological symptoms; as well as its treatment. The results of treatment have been analyzed. The method - site of bone abrasion and stabilization of parted fragment with a metal screw; as well as rebuilding of the stabilized part. Ten results were very positive and two were satisfying. No poor results have been noticed. The conclusion from the above work - the stabilization of a free fragment by a screw is an advisable and preferable method. The present methods of filling the chrono osseous defects have been revised.

The authors present rare dislocations of feet joints including subtalar dislocations of the foot, total dislocations of the talus, dislocations of the talocalcaneal joint and dislocations of the talo-crural and tarsometatarsal joint. They make objective and subjective assessment of remote results of their non-operational treatment. They also pay attention to dangers and remote after-efects of shown feet injuries.

INTRODUCTION: The articular disk has a central role in the pathology of internal derangement of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). What is less clear is the role of osteoarthrosis in the development of internal derangement. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of osteoarthrosis in cases of advanced and recalcitrant TMJ internal derangement that were treated by diskectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved 22 joints in 18 patients who underwent surgery for the treatment of advanced and recalcitrant internal derangement of the TMJ. All patients included in the study failed to respond to at least 6 months of pre-operative conservative treatment and the clinical diagnoses of advanced TMJ internal derangement were confirmed on pre-operative MRI's. Tissue specimens were obtained from all 22 joints for histopathology. The specimens included articular disks that were excised from all 22 joints which were found to have severely displaced and deformed disks that were judged to be irreparable at the time of surgery. Also included were eight tissue samples from the mandibular condyles that were judged to be diseased on pre-operative tomograms and at the time of surgery. All samples were prepared in serial sections in the standard way and examined under light microscopy by two experienced Oral Pathologists. RESULTS: There were 22 specimens of articular disk examined together with 8 specimens from the mandibular condyle. All 22 joints (100%) showed histological evidence of disk pathology and eight of the 22 joints (34.4%) were found to have condylar pathology. The most common disk pathology was hyalinization indicative of disk degeneration (12/22). The most common condylar pathology found was articular surface degeneration indicative of osteoarthrosis (8/22). CONCLUSION: The clinical and radiological diagnoses of advanced TMJ internal derangement correlated with histological findings of degeneration and inflammation of the articular disk in all 22 specimens. The 8 specimens obtained from the condylar head showed histological features consistent with osteoarthrosis. This study showed that osteoarthrosis and internal derangement were found to co-exist in the same joint in about one-third of cases. The fact that osteoarthrosis was not found in all cases suggests that perhaps the widely held view that subclinical osteoarthrosis may lead to pathologic tissue responses in the form of internal derangement will need to be re-examined.

In the diagnostic work-up of acute and chronic injuries to the knee, the patient's history together with the clinical findings are of decisive importance. Injuries to the cruciate and lateral ligaments, or to the menisci, as well as osteochondritis dissecans or chronic recurrent dislocation of the patella can usually be reliably diagnosed on the basis of information provided by the patient, and diagnostic manipulations. In this connection, Lachman's test, various drawer phenomena, the pivot shift test, and tests of the internal menisci described by McMurray, Payr, Steinmann, and Cabot as well as Apley's grinding test have all been described. The Wilson test can indicate osteochondritis dissicans; in chronic recurrent dislocation of the patella, Fairbank's apprehension test is positive.

INTRODUCTION: Blood vessel injuries during arthroscopic knee surgeries are unusual and rare and comprise less than 1% of all arthroscopic complications. Between 1990 and 2004, at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Institute of Surgery, Novi Sad, 2100 arthroscopic knee surgeries were carried out. Only one case of false aneurysm of the geniculate lateral inferior artery was reported. CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old professional waiter injured his left knee while getting up from a kneeling position. He had a typical clinical rupture with an interior meniscus lesion. Knee arthroscopy with resection of the torn part of interior meniscus was performed. Seven days later, we observed a subcutaneous tumefaction, 2 cm in diameter, which was warm, pulsating and painful on palpation. It was located in the region of anterolateral portal. Angiography confirmed the existence of a false aneurysm of lateral geniculate inferior artery. Revision of the wound was performed on the exterior side of the knee. The hematoma was removed and the artery tied A month later, the patient fully recovered and returned to his professional activities. DISCUSSION: Only four injuries, that is false aneurysms of the exterior knee artery after knee arthroscopy, have been described so far. The possibility for this injury to occur lies in the fact the artery lies over and is parallel with the lateral knee joint line, at the very entrance of the anterolateral arthroscopic port. Since the latter is the most often used arthroscopic port to access the knee, the above injury is possible, but it does not minifest clinically. This complication is easily diagnosed by a pulsating tumefaction in the area of arthroscopic port and is confirmed by angiography. These rare blood vessel injuries, do not affect the usage of anterolateral arthroscopic procedure. If the injury does exist,, revision of the wound and artery ligature should be carried out, which does not affect the final treatment results.