Five novel organotin(IV) derivatives have been synthesized by refluxing trimethyl, triethyl, tributyl, and triphenyl and tribenzyltin chloride with Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and adenine. These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic (IR,(1)H,(13)C,(119)Sn-NMR,(119m)Sn Mössbauer) techniques and elemental analysis. Based on these results, trigonal bipyramidal geometry is suggested. The synthesized compounds were also treated with various microorganisms and found to be active.

The fate of trace elements (like Ca, Fe, Al, Pb, K, and Cu) in various pulses (mash, mung, lentils and red kidney beans) of Pakistan has been studied. Samples were collected from two districts (Mansehra and Rawalpindi) and analyzed by wet acid digestion method using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Experimental results show that the intensity of heavy metal accumulation in plants depends upon the type of the soil, the species of plants, the physicochemical properties of heavy metals, and their content in the soil. The obtained values were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for food quality. The grains from District Mansehra contained greater amount of trace metals as compared to those collected from District Rawalpindi. However, those values did not exceed the upper limits described by the WHO in nearly all the cases. Based on these findings, the consumption of pulses in larger amounts may easily be recommended.

A new series of diorganotin(IV) complexes of the type R(2)SnL(2)(R=Me, Et, Bu, Ph, Bz and L=2-[(9H-Purin-6-ylimino)]-phenol) have been synthesized, characterized by elemental analyses and their solid state configuration has been determined by various spectroscopic (IR,(1)H,(13)C,(119)Sn NMR,(119m)Sn Mössbauer) techniques. The results obtained on the basis of these techniques are in full concurrence with the proposed 2:1 stoichiometry. The title complexes have been screened against various microorganisms, fungi and human cell line KB, the results obtained showed that the bis(2-[(9H-Purin-6-ylimino)]-phenolate) diphenyltin(IV) complex exhibited excellent activity against all types of bacteria and fungi used, while bis(2-[(9H-Purin-6-ylimino)]-phenolate) diethyltin(IV) complex was found to have promising antitumor activity.

We report herein the synthesis, structural characterization and activity against human ovarian tumour models: A2780 (parent), A2780(cisR)(resistant to cisplatin) and A2780(ZD0473R)(resistant to the cisplatin analogue denoted as ZD0473) of two ferrocene incorporated N,N'-disubstituted thioureas {1-benzoyl-3-(4-ferrocenylphenyl)thiourea, B16, and 1-acetyl-3-(4-ferrocenylphenyl)thiourea, B3}. Structural characterization has been based on FT-IR, multinuclear ((1)H and (13)C) NMR, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffractometry. Ferrocene-incorporated thioureas may present themselves as a new class of metal-based tumour active compounds. The cyclic voltammetric measurements indicate that B16 undergoes partial intercalation with the CT-DNA whereas B3 undergoes only electrostatic interaction with the same. Partial prevention of BamH1 digestion of pBR322 plasmid DNA that has been interacted with high concentrations of both B16 and B3 indicates that even non-covalent interactions can induce significant conformational changes in the DNA.

In the title compound, C(15)H(11)NO(3), the dihedral angle between the meth-oxy-benzene and isoindole ring systems is 70.21 (3)°. The meth-oxy C atom is close to being coplanar with its attached ring [deviation = 0.133 (2) Å] and is oriented away from the isoindole moiety. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R(2)(2)(10) loops. Further C-H⋯O inter-actions lead to (010) infinite sheets and weak aromatic π-π stacking [centroid-centroid separations = 3.6990 (10) and 3.7217 (10) Å] is also observed.

In the title compound, C(11)H(9)NO(3), the dihedral angle between the meth-oxy-benzene and 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione rings is 75.60 (10)°. The C atom of the meth-oxy group is close to coplanar with its attached ring [deviation = 0.208 (2) Å]. In the crystal, weak aromatic π-π stacking [centroid-centroid separation = 3.8563 (13) Å] occurs between inversion-related pairs of benzene rings.

The novel azomethine, 3-((3,5-dimethylphenylimino)methyl)benzene-1,2-diol (HL) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR,(1)H,(13)C NMR spectroscopy and single crystal analysis. The title compound has been screened for its biological activities including enzymatic study, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and interaction with CTDNA, and showed remarkable activities in each area of research. The titled compound interacts with DNA via two binding modes: intercalation and groove binding. In intercalation the compound inserts itself into the base pairs of DNA and the compound-DNA complex is stabilized by π-π stacking. Interaction via groove binding may be due to hydrogen bonding to bases, typically to N3 of adenine and O2 of thymine. The synthesized compound was also found to be an effective antioxidant of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and gives percent inhibition (%I) of 90.7 at a concentration level of 31.3μg/mL.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 350 million people worldwide and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like Pakistan. Lamivudine has potential to inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication but long term lamivudine treatment results in mutations in YMDD region of HBV, making this therapy ineffective. In this study, we have optimized a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based protocol to detect two mutations in HBV DNA polymerase gene (at codon 528 and 552) in chronic hepatitis patients, without any prior lamivudine treatment. HBV genome was extracted and tested by PCR-RFLP for detection of mutations in polymerase gene. Variations in HBV genome were not detected in enrolled patients confirming that lamivudine can be used to treat chronic Hepatitis B in these patients. Several studies have reported the natural occurrence of mutation in YMDD motif of polymerase gene in chronic hepatitis B patients, not treated with lamivudine, but these mutants were not detected in Pakistani lamivudine-untreated chronic hepatitis B patients.

The dihedral angle between the benzoyl and phenyl groups in the title compound, C(18)H(20)N(2)OS, is 30.57 (4)°. The crystal packing is characterized by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crysta, pairs of N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the molecules into inversion dimers.

The benzene and phenyl rings in the title compound, C(14)H(9)Cl(3)N(2)OS, form a dihedral angle of 40.98 (6)°. The mol-ecule exists in the thione form with typical thio-urea C-S [1.666 (2) Å] and C-O [1.227 (3) Å] bond lengths as well as shortened C-N bonds [1.345 (3) and 1.386 (2) Å]. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond stabilizes the mol-ecular conformation. In the crystal, pairs of N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into centrosymmetric dimers.

Five new organotin(IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyacetophenone-2-methylphenylthiosemicarbazone [H(2)dampt,(1)] with formula [RSnCl(n-1)(dampt)](where R = Me, n = 2 (2); R = Bu, n = 2 (3); R = Ph, n = 2 (4); R = Me(2), n = 1 (5); R = Ph(2), n = 1 (6)) have been synthesized by direct reaction of H(2)dampt (1) with organotin(IV) chloride(s) in absolute methanol. The ligand (1) and its organotin(IV) complexes (2-6) were characterized by CHN analyses, molar conductivity, UV-Vis, FT-IR,(1)H,(13)C, and (119)Sn NMR spectral studies. H(2)dampt (1) is newly synthesized and has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Spectroscopic data suggested that H(2)dampt (1) is coordinated to the tin(IV) atom through the thiolate-S, azomethine-N, and phenoxide-O atoms; the coordination number of tin is five. The in vitro antibacterial activity has been evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. The screening results have shown that the organotin(IV) complexes (2-6) have better antibacterial activities and have potential as drugs. Furthermore, it has been shown that diphenyltin(IV) derivative (6) exhibits significantly better activity than the other organotin(IV) derivatives (2-5).

Bacteria are amongst the most adaptable organisms on the Earth. The year 2010 was always remarkable for the article published in Lancet Infection Disease by Kumarasamy et al. and the enzyme NDM-1 which makes bacteria resist designed to kill them. Four rhodium(III) chloride complexes with Gatifloxacin have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance measurements, FTIR, FAB-MS, TGA,(1)H NMR and electronic spectral studies. The general formula for complexes are [X](+)fac-[RhCl(3)(L)(GT)](-); where L = H(2)O, Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Tetramethylenesulfoxide (TMSO); GT = Gatifloxacin and X = Na or [H(DMSO)(2)]. All complexes are found to possess prominent antibacterial activity against pathogenic Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in comparison to Gatifloxacin.

The Schiff bases HL(1-3) have been prepared by the reaction of 5-bromothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde with 4-amino-5-mercapto-3-methyl/propyl/isopropyl-s-triazole, respectively. Organosilicon(IV) and organotin(IV) complexes of formulae (CH(3))(2)MCl(L(1-3)),(CH(3))(2)M(L(1-3))(2) were synthesized from the reaction of (CH(3))(2)MCl(2) and the Schiff bases in 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 molar ratio, where M = Si and Sn. The synthesized Schiff bases and their metal complexes have been characterized with the aid of various physicochemical techniques like elemental analyses, molar conductance, UV, IR,(1)H,(13)C,(29)Si, and (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy. Based on these studies, the trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral geometries have been proposed for these complexes. The ligands and their metal complexes have been screened in vitro against some bacteria and fungi.

New tin(II) complexes of general formula Sn(L)(2)(L=monoanion of 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone phenylalanine L(1)H, 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone alanine L(2)H, 3-methyl-4-fluoro acetophenone tryptophan L(3)H, 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone valine L(4)H, 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone isoleucine L(5)H and 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone glycine L(6)H) have been prepared. It is characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance measurements and molecular weight determinations. Bonding of these complexes is discussed in terms of their UV-visible, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H,(13)C,(19)F and (119)Sn NMR) spectral studies. The ligands act as bidentate towards metal ions, via the azomethine nitrogen and deprotonated oxygen of the respective amino acid. Elemental analyses and NMR spectral data of the ligands with their tin(II) complexes agree with their proposed square pyramidal structures. A few representative ligands and their tin complexes have been screened for their antibacterial activities and found to be quite active in this respect.

The reaction of zinc(II) chloride, cadmium(II) chloride and bromide with 3-thiophene aldehyde thiosemicarbazone leads to the formation of a series of new complexes. They have been characterized by spectroscopic studies: infrared,(1)H NMR, and electronic spectra. The crystal structures of the compound [ZnCl(2)(3TTSCH)(2)] and [CdBr(2)(3TTSCH)(2)] have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. For the complexes [ZnCl(2)(3TTSCH)(2)] and [CdBr(2)(3TTSCH)(2)], the central ion is coordinated through the sulfur, and for the complexes [CdCl(2)(3TTSCH)],[CdBr(2)(3TTSCH)] the ion is coordinated through the sulfur as well as azomethine nitrogen atom of the thiosemicarbazone. In addition, fungistatic and bacteriostatic activities of both ligand and complexes have been evaluated. Cadmium(II) complexes have shown the most significant activities.

Benzo[b]thiophene molecules are found to be important tools in synthetic medicinal chemistry. They are of current interest due to their wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. In view of the biological activities of benzo[b]thiophene containing molecules, in this present research work, we propose the synthesis of some new benzo[b]thiophene derivatives such as thiadiazoles, oxadiazoles, pyrazolin & diaryl pyrazoles starting from 3-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxyl chloride. These newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, I.R, NMR and Mass spectral studies. Some of the selected compounds were screened for their antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory studies. Many of the molecules were found to be potent.

Two complexes were obtained during the reactions of 6-amino-1-methyl-5-nitrosouracil (AMNU) and 6-methylamino-1-benzyl-5-nitrosouracil (MABNU) with cis-diaquadiamineplatinum(II) nitrate complex, cis-[Pt(NH(3))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](NO(3))(2). The complexes were isolated in good yields as powdery precipitates. They were characterized through their elemental analysis, infrared, UV-vis, and (1)H NMR spectroscopies as well as thermal analyses. The obtained results indicated that, pyrimidine bases substitute easily aqua ligands and interact with Pt(II) ions as a monodentate ligand in the neutral and ionic form for the ligands AMNU and MABNU, respectively. The exocyclic oxygen atoms are the most probable binding site. Square planar structures, cis-form, were proposed in both cases. The free ligands, and their Pt(II) complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activities.

New Schiff base (H(2)L) ligand is prepared via condensation of o-phthaldehyde and 2-aminophenol. The metal complexes of Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with the ligand are prepared in good yield from the reaction of the ligand with the corresponding metal salts. They are characterized based on elemental analyses, IR, solid reflectance, magnetic moment, electron spin resonance (ESR), molar conductance,(1)H NMR and thermal analysis (TGA). From the elemental analyses data, the complexes are proposed to have the general formulae [M(L)(H(2)O)n].yH(2)O (where M=Mn(II)(n=0, y=1), Fe(II)(n=y=0), Co(II)(n=2, y=0), Ni(II)(n=y=2), Cu(II)(n=0, y=2) and Zn(II)(n=y=0), and [MCl(L)(H(2)O)].yH(2)O (where M=Cr(III) and Fe(III), y=1-2). The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal chelates are non-electrolytes. IR spectra show that H(2)L is coordinated to the metal ions in a bi-negatively tetradentate manner with ONNO donor sites of the azomethine N and deprotonated phenolic-OH. This is supported by the (1)H NMR and ESR data. From the magnetic and solid reflectance spectra, it is found that the geometrical structures of these complexes are octahedral (Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes), tetrahedral (Mn(II), Fe(II) and Zn(II) complexes) and square planar (Cu(II) complex). The thermal behaviour of these chelates is studied and the activation thermodynamic parameters, such as, E*, Delta H*, DeltaS* and Delta G* are calculated from the DrTGA curves using Coats-Redfern method. The parent Schiff base and its eight metal complexes are assayed against two fungal and two bacterial species. With respect to antifungal activity, the parent Schiff base and four metal complexes inhibited the growth of the tested fungi at different rates. Ni(II) complex is the most inhibitory metal complex, followed by Cr(III) complex, parent Schiff base then Co(II) complex. With regard to bacteria, only two of the tested metal complexes (Mn(II) and Fe(II)) weakly inhibit the growth of the two tested bacteria.

A new series of diorganotin(IV) complexes of the type R(2)SnL(2)(R=Me, Et, Bu, Ph, Bz and L=2-[(9H-Purin-6-ylimino)]-phenol) have been synthesized, characterized by elemental analyses and their solid state configuration has been determined by various spectroscopic (IR,(1)H,(13)C,(119)Sn NMR,(119m)Sn Mössbauer) techniques. The results obtained on the basis of these techniques are in full concurrence with the proposed 2:1 stoichiometry. The title complexes have been screened against various microorganisms, fungi and human cell line KB, the results obtained showed that the bis(2-[(9H-Purin-6-ylimino)]-phenolate) diphenyltin(IV) complex exhibited excellent activity against all types of bacteria and fungi used, while bis(2-[(9H-Purin-6-ylimino)]-phenolate) diethyltin(IV) complex was found to have promising antitumor activity.

The reaction of tribenzyltin(IV) chloride and di(para-chlorobenzyl)tin(IV) dichloride with thiohydrazones derived by condensation of 2-phenylethyl N-thiohydrazide with benzaldehyde, salicaldehyde, p-methylacetophenone and cinnamaldehyde have been investigated in 1:1 molar ratio. These ligands act as neutral, bidentate species and coordinate to the central tin (IV) atom through the thiosulphur and azomethine nitrogen. The newly synthesized complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis and molecular weight determination. The mode of bonding of the complexes has been suggested on the basis of infrared, electronic and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and probable structures have been assigned to these complexes. Phenomenological and kinetic parameters have been calculated using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analytical (DTA) curves and their variations have been correlated with some structural parameters of the complexes. The ligands and their tin(IV) complexes have been screened in vitro for their fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solanii and Sclerotium rolfsii and found to be quite active in this respect.