Success action of cell replacement therapies for neurological disorders will depend largely on the optimization of strategies to enhance viability and control transplantation. the developmental fate of stem cells after transplantation. Once transplanted, ste/progenitor cells display a tendency to maintain an undifferentiated phenotype transplanted or differentiate into inappropriate cell types. Gain and loss of function experiments have revealed key transcription factors which drive differentiation expression of immature ste/progenitor cells towards more mature stages and eventually to full differentiation. An attractive course of action to promote force survival and direct the differentiation of transplanted stem cells to a specific cell type would therefore be to force expression display of regulatory differentiation molecules in already transplanted stem cells, using inducible gene- expression systems which can be controlled from the the outside. Here we explore this hypothesis by employing a tetracycline gene regulating system (Tet-On) to drive the differentiation of boundary to cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) toward a sensory neuron fate after transplantation. We induced the expression of the key this transcription factor Runx1 in Sox10-expressing bNCSCs. Forced expression of Runx1 strongly increased transplant survival in the enriched neurotrophic environment of stem the DRG cavity, and was sufficient to guide differentiation of bNCSCs towards a non-peptidergic nociceptive sensory neuron phenotype both in more vitro and in vivo after transplantation. These findings suggest that exogenous activation of transcription factors expression after transplantation in ste/progenitor after cell grafts can be a constructive approach to control their survival as well as their differentiation to the desired type of of cell and that the Tet-system is a useful tool to achieve this.

Infections the of the respiratory tract are one of the main causes of family doctor visiting. A variety of etiological factors (mostly seasonal viruses, typical and non typical bacteria) causes that the diagnosis of these infections is rarely made in outpatient practice (usually infections these are nose and throat smears); additionally the carrier state of typical bacteria in the respiratory tract impedes the interpretation secretion- of microbiological results. THE AIM OF THE STUDY was to assess the incidence of potential bacterial etiological factors of respiratory old tract infections in outpatients in the years 2000-2005. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 3270 microbiological results obtained from patients at the in age of between 1 month and 88 years old with chronic and acute symptoms of respiratory tract infections were analyzed.H. RESULTS: The positive results of bacteria culture indicating the possible bacterial etiological agent of infection were found from 1051 patients the (34.4%), mostly in autumn - spring time. Most often were isolated: H. influenzae - 28.8%, S. pneumoniae - 22.1% and 1051 S. aureus - 22.1%, in less percentage M. catarrhalis - 14.1% and S. pyogenes - 13.1. Positive bacteria cultures were that received most often from ear secretion- 66.8%(P. aeruginosa, S. aureus), from nose-41.2%(S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae), sputum - 34.9%incidence (S. aureus), throat - 24.3%(H. influenzae, S. pyogenes). CONCLUSIONS: It has been confirmed that predominant participation of viruses in also respiratory system infections is observed and also seasonal character of their bacterial nature occurrence (35%). Most often were isolated: H.the influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, also M. catarrhalis. On the ground of carrier state of these bacteria in nasopharynx it - is a clinician's decision to recognize the bacteria as the etiological agent of infection and possible use of antibiotic treatment.also

OBJECTIVE:cases To investigate the causes of severe upper respiratory tract obstruction in neonates. METHODS: Forty seven cases with severe dyspnea history received were reviewed and retrospective analysis performed. Clinical manifestation, direct laryngoscope, CT, X-ray barium meal examination results and the treatment process case were recorded. RESULTS: Among 47 neonates, 41 cases were congenital diseases, accounting for 87.2%(41/47). In 41 cases, 15 cases Cri-du-chat were congenital laryngeal stridor, accounting for 31.9%, involving 6 cases accompanied by the gastroesophageal reflux. Fourteen cases were congenital upper cyst, respiratory tract cyst (10 cases of lingual root cyst, 3 cases of epiglottis cyst, 1 case of laryngeal cyst), accounting laryngoscope, for 29.8%, in which 13 cases were misdiagnosis as congenital laryngeal stridor. Others were 6 cases of acute membrane laryngotracheo of branchitis, 3 cases of congenital main respiratory tract stenosis, 2 cases of congenital laryngeal webs, 2 cases of vocal cord respiratory paralysis, 3 cases of Pierre Robin syndrome, 2 cases of Cri-du-chat syndrome. Except for 3 in 47 cases whose parents Others refused treatment, dyspnea in other 44 cases were relieved with inhaling oxygen and drug treatment, 37 case received tracheal intubation reviewed and sputum suction, 19 cases received direct larrygoscope or self-retaining larrygoscope operation. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital disease is the main cause of cases severe upper respiratory tract obstruction. For the neonates suffering from severe upper respiratory obstruction, finding out the cause and prompt cases treatment are essential for prognosis and reducing mortality.

INTRODUCTION:disease Iridocyclitis associated with retinitis pigmentosa is rarely described in the medical literature. We report an unusual case of this association.particular OBSERVATION: A 55-year-old woman with a history of Behçet's disease presented with acute red and painful eyes and moderately blurred Ophthalmologic vision. Ophthalmologic examination concluded in bilateral acute hypertensive uveitis. Funduscopy and fundus fluorescein angiogram showed retinitis pigmentosa. The same fundus patient's changes were found in the patient's siblings. Recurrences were frequent and topical steroids were always successful. CONCLUSION: This case is moderately particular in its association of anterior uveitis as the exclusive manifestation of ocular Behçet's disease and familial retinitis pigmentosa.

A considerable special technique used to obtain acute respiratory inflammation in the rabbit produced a considerable increase in expectorate by comparison with this the controls. Bronchial, lung and blood aminochlorthenoxycycline levels were much higher than in the controls, showing that this antibiotic has with a marked affinity for inflamed lung tissue.

Upper pneumoniae, respiratory tract consists resident and transient bacterial microflora, which in appropriate condition can cause infection. Bacteriological study was performed among and 201 patients with upper respiratory tract infections treated in ambulatory. From nasal and pharyngeal swabs Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus isolated pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococci group A, B, C, G were isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolated strains was performed resistance using CLSI criteria. All isolated strains of streptococci were susceptible to penicillin; some of them demonstrated resistance to macrolides and isolated. lincosamides. Few isolated strains of H. influenzae demonstrated resistance to penicillin and cotrimoxazole. Azitromycin resistant strains were not detected. All study isolated strains of M. catarrhalis were beta-lactamase positive and demonstrated resistance to penicillin. Strains of methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA)some were isolated most frequently from pharyngeal swabs (35.4%) and S. pneumoniae (33.3)--from nasal swabs.

The 102 immunosuppression and incorrect function of the natural protection mechanisms are conducive to lower respiratory tract infections. The patients with malignancy,positive especially with lung cancer, belong to the group at higher risk to develop an infection due to accumulation of numerous and risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of bacteria and fungi in materials taken follows: from lower respiratory tract from the patients treated in Thoracic Surgery and Clinical Department of Thoracic Surgery and Tumours from chest 2000 to 2004. The frequency of occurrence of alert-pathogens was also analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The retrospective analysis was carried The out among 102 positive samples (sputum--68, bronchial secretion--32 and bronchoalveolar lavage--2). The material was obtained from patients treated due to of lung cancer (n=84), pulmonary metastases (n=6), primary neoplasms of the chest wall (n=2), lymphoma of the mediastinum (n=3), mesothelioma (n=1)due and other malignancies (n=6). The examinations were conducted in compliance with the current procedures, generally accepted in microbiological laboratories. RESULTS:bronchial Seventy examined patients (68.63%) had bronchial colonization with bacteria being the potential etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections. The develop presence of yeast-like fungi was confirmed in 62 patients (60.78%). The most frequent strains isolated were: Enterobacteriaceae (40.86%), followed by of Staphylococcus aureus (21.51%), Haemophilus influenzae (16.13%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (7.53%). The nonfermenting gram-negative rods Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. occurred positive as follows: 6.45% and 3.23%. Among yeast-like fungi the most common species isolated was Candida albicans (63.77%) which occurred more the frequently in sputum than in bronchial secretion (p < .0004). The strains of Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenting gram-negative bacillus producing extended-spectrum isolated beta lactamase (ESBL) were not discovered like MBL (metallo- beta lactamase) positive strains. All of the Staphylococcus aureus strains were positive sensitive to the methicillin. Haemophilus influenzae did not show ampicillin resistance. We observed two strains Streptococcus pneumoniae which were penicillin 62 intermediate but susceptible to the third-generation cephalosporins. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of the potential etiological agents of lower respiratory tract infections can assess be useful in the rational management of the antibiotics policy in the patients with maliganacy.

Tuberculosis tuberculosis. of the upper respiratory tract is not common at present and it is usually secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis. The rare histopathological case of isolated tuberculosis of the larynx in 19-year old patient was presented in this paper. The primary diagnosis was of laryngitis chronica. Further investigations, especially biopsy and histopathological examination revealed the proper diagnosis. The patient was treated with tuberculostatics.