PURPOSE: alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins are abundantly present in the eye lens, belong to the small heat shock protein family, and exhibit molecular chaperone activity. They are also known to interact with metal ions such as Cu(2+), and their metal-binding modulates the structure and chaperone function. Unlike other point mutations in alphaA-crystallin that cause congenital cataracts, the G98R mutation causes pre-senile cataract. We have investigated the effect of Cu(2+) on the structure and function of G98R alphaA-crystallin. METHODS: Fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry were used to study Cu(2+) binding to alphaA- and G98R alphaA-crystallin. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to study secondary and tertiary structures, and dynamic light scattering was used to determine the hydrodynamic radii of the proteins. Chaperone activity and self-aggregation of the wild type and the mutant protein in the absence and the presence of the metal ions was monitored using light scattering. RESULTS: Our fluorescence quenching and isothermal titration calorimetric studies show that like alphaA-crystallin, G98R alphaA-crystallin binds Cu(2+) with picomolar range affinity. Further, both wild type and mutant alphaA-crystallin inhibit Cu(2+)-induced generation of reactive oxygen species with similar efficiency. However, G98R alphaA-crystallin undergoes pronounced self-aggregation above a certain concentration of Cu(2+)(above subunit to Cu(2+) molar ratio of 1:3 in HEPES-NaOH buffer, pH 7.4). At concentrations of Cu(2+) below this ratio, G98R alphaA-crystallin is more susceptible to Cu(2+)-induced tertiary and quaternary structural changes than alphaA-crystallin. Interestingly, Cu(2+) binding increases the chaperone-like activity of alphaA-crystallin toward the aggregation of citrate synthase at 43 degrees C while it decreases the chaperone-like activity of G98R alphaA-crystallin. Mixed oligomer formation between the wild type and the mutant subunits modulates the Cu(2+)-induced effect on the self-aggregation propensity. Other heavy metal ions, namely Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) but not Ca(2+), also promote the self-aggregation of G98R alphaA-crystallin and decrease its chaperone-like activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that unlike wild type alphaA-crystallin, G98R alphaA-crystallin and its mixed oligomers with wild type protein are vulnerable to heavy metal ions. Our study provides insight into aspects of how environmental factors could augment phenotype(s) in certain genetically predisposed conditions.

Pharmacosomes are amphiphilic lipid vesicular systems that have shown their potential in improving the bioavailability of poorly water soluble as well as poorly lipophilic drugs. Diclofenac is a poorly water soluble drug and also causes gastrointestinal toxicity. To improve the water solublity of diclofenac, its pharmacosomes (phospholipid complex) have been prepared and evaluated for physicochemical analysis. Diclofenac was complexed with phosphatidylcholine (80%) in equimolar ratio, in the presence of dichloromethane, by the conventional solvent evaporation technique. Pharmacosomes thus prepared were evaluated for drug solubility, drug content, surface morphology (by scanning electron microscopy), phase transition behaviour (by differential scanning calorimetry), crystallinity (by X-ray powder diffraction) and in vitro dissolution. Pharmacosomes of diclofenac were found to be irregular or disc shaped with rough surfaces in SEM. Drug content was found to be 96.2 +/- 1.1%. DSC thermograms and XRPD data confirmed the formation of the phospholipid complex. Water solubility of the prepared complex was found to be 22.1 mug mL-1 as compared to 10.5 mug mL-1 of diclofenac. This improvement in water solubility in prepared pharmacosomes may result in improved dissolution and lower gastrointestinal toxicity. Pharmacosomes showed 87.8% while the free diclofenac acid showed a total of only 60.4% drug release at the end of 10 h of dissolution study.

In this study, a total of 130 rhizobacteria was isolated from a saline infested zone of wheat rhizosphere, and screened for plant growth promoting (PGP) traits at higher salt (NaCl) concentrations (2, 4, 6, and 8%). The results revealed that 24 rhizobacterial isolates were tolerant at 8% NaCl. Although all the 24 salt tolerable isolates produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), while 10 isolates solubilized phosphorus, eight produced siderophore, and six produced gibberellin. However, only three isolates showed the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase. Diversity was analyzed through 16S rDNA-RFLP, and of these isolates with three tetra cutter restriction enzymes (HaeIII, AluI, and MspI), the representative cluster groups were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. Bacillus and Bacillus-derived genera were dominant which showed PGP attributes at 8% NaCl concentration. Out of 24 isolates, nitrogen fixing ability (nif H gene) was detected in the two isolates, SU18 (Arthrobacter sp.) and SU48.

Lipid-based drug delivery systems have been investigated in various studies and shown their potential in controlled and targeted drug delivery. Pharmacosomes are amphiphilic phospholipid complexes of drugs bearing active hydrogen that bind to phospholipids. Pharmacosomes impart better biopharmaceutical properties to the drug, resulting in improved bioavailability. Pharmacosomes have been prepared for various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, proteins, cardiovascular and antineoplastic drugs. Developing the pharmacosomes of the drugs has been found to improve the absorption and minimize the gastrointestinal toxicity. This article reviews the potential of pharmacosomes as a controlled and targeted drug delivery system and highlights the methods of preparation and characterization.

Nanocrystalline TiN/NiTi thin films have been grown on silicon substrate by dc magnetron sputtering to improve the corrosion and mechanical properties of NiTi based shape memory alloys without sacrificing the phase transformation effect. Interestingly, the preferential orientation of the TiN films was observed to change from (111) to (200) with change in nature of sputtering gas from 70% Ar+30% N(2) to 100% N(2). In present study the influence of crystallographic orientation of TiN on mechanical and corrosion properties of TiN/NiTi thin films was investigated. TiN (200)/NiTi films were found to exhibit high hardness, high elastic modulus, and thereby better wear resistance as compared to pure NiTi and TiN (111)/NiTi films. Electrochemical test revealed that TiN coated NiTi film exhibits better corrosion resistance in 1M NaCl solution as compared to uncoated NiTi film. The application of TiN/NiTi films in the electrochemical sensing of dopamine, which has a critical physiological importance in Parkinson's disease, has been demonstrated. A comparison of voltammetric response of dopamine at silicon based electrodes modified with different nanocrystalline coatings indicated that these films catalyze the oxidation of dopamine.

Oxidative stress and Cu(2+) have been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases and in cataract. Oxidative stress, as well as Cu(2+), is also known to induce the expression of the small heat shock proteins alpha-crystallins. However, the role of alpha-crystallins in oxidative stress and in Cu(2+)-mediated processes is not clearly understood. We demonstrate using fluorescence and isothermal titration calorimetry that alpha-crystallins (alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin and its phosphorylation mimic, 3DalphaB-crystallin) bind Cu(2+) with close to picomolar range affinity. The presence of other tested divalent cations such as Zn(2+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+) does not affect Cu(2+) binding, indicating selectivity of the Cu(2+)-binding site(s) in alpha-crystallins. Cu(2+) binding induces structural changes and increase in the hydrodynamic radii of alpha-crystallins. Cu(2+) binding increases the stability of alpha-crystallins towards guanidinium chloride-induced unfolding. Chaperone activity of alphaA-crystallin increases significantly upon Cu(2+) binding. alpha-Crystallins rescue amyloid beta peptide, Abeta(1-40), from Cu(2+)-induced aggregation in vitro. alpha-Crystallins inhibit Cu(2+)-induced oxidation of ascorbate and, hence, prevent the generation of reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, alpha-synuclein, a Cu(2+)-binding protein, does not inhibit this oxidation process significantly. We find that the Cu(2+)-sequestering (or redox-silencing) property of alpha-crystallins confers cytoprotection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal high affinity (close to picomolar) for Cu(2+) binding and redox silencing of Cu(2+) by any heat shock protein. Thus, our study ascribes a novel functional role to alpha-crystallins in Cu(2+) homeostasis and helps in understanding their protective role in neurodegenerative diseases and cataract.

Mutation of the glycine 98 residue to arginine in alphaA-crystallin has been shown to cause presenile cataract in an Indian family. Our earlier study showed that the mutant protein exhibits folding defects that lead to aggregation and inclusion body formation in Escherichia coli. Despite the presence of a normal copy, the pathology is seen in the heterozygous individuals. Formation of mixed oligomers between wild-type and the mutant subunits might be crucial for manifestation of such dominant negative character. We have investigated the role of G98R mutation in alphaA-crystallin in its structural stability and subunit exchange. G98R alphaA-crystallin unfolds at lower concentrations of urea compared to wild-type alphaA-crystallin. The mutant protein is more susceptible to proteolysis than the wild-type protein and transiently populates fragments that are prone to aggregation. Subunit exchange studies using fluorescence resonance energy transfer show that the mutant protein forms mixed oligomers with the wild-type protein. The mutant protein is more susceptible to thermal aggregation, whereas mixed oligomer formation leads to a decreased propensity to aggregate. Co-expression of wild-type alphaA-crystallin with G98R alphaA-crystallin in E. coli rescues the mutant alphaA-crystallin from formation of inclusion bodies. These observations may underlie the molecular basis for the presenile onset, not congenital cataract, in spite of severe folding defect and aggregation of the mutant. Our study shows that the mixed oligomers of wild-type and G98R alphaA-crystallin exhibit properties dominated by those of the mutant protein in structural aspects, oligomeric size, urea-induced unfolding and, more importantly, the chaperone activity, which may provide the molecular basis for presenile cataract formation in affected individuals.

'Good gene' mate selection theory proposes that all individuals share evolved mental mechanisms that identify specific parts of a woman's body as indicators of fertility and health. Depiction of feminine beauty, across time and culture, should therefore emphasize the physical traits indicative of health and fertility. Abdominal obesity, as measured by waist size, is reliably linked to decreased oestrogen, reduced fecundity and increased risk for major diseases. Systematic searches of British literature across the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries reveal that a narrow waist is consistently described as beautiful. Works in ancient Indian and Chinese literature similarly associate feminine attractiveness with a narrow waist. Even without the benefit of modern medical knowledge, both British and Asian writers knew intuitively the biological link between health and beauty.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to understand the molecular basis of cataract that develops due to the mutation of the glycine-98 residue to arginine in alphaA-crystallin. METHODS: The glycine-98 residue was mutated to arginine by site-directed mutagenesis. The expression, structural and chaperone properties and thermal stability of the mutant, G98RalphaA-crystallin have been studied. The secondary and tertiary structure of the wild type and the mutant protein was studied using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The quaternary structure was studied by gel filtration chromatography and dynamic light scattering. Chaperone activity studies were carried out using DTT-induced aggregation of insulin. RESULTS: Unlike the wild type protein, the heterologous expression of G98R alphaA-crystallin in E. coli results in the formation of inclusion bodies. Upon dissolving the inclusion bodies in 3 M urea and subjecting to refolding, it yielded a clear solution. The refolded mutant protein exhibits altered secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure, which lacks chaperone function, and is susceptible to heat-induced aggregation. CONCLUSIONS: The G98R mutation in alphaA-crystallin results in altered folding and becomes aggregation-prone leading to formation of large oligomers lacking chaperone function. Tendency to aggregate and loss of chaperone activity could be contributing to turbidity and loss of transparency of the lens.

The female physical attractiveness stereotype has been reported to contain both desirable (sociable, poised, interesting) and undesirable (snobbish, likely to request divorce and have extra-marital affairs) personal qualities. To investigate whether such an attractiveness stereotype is cross-cultural, I asked men and women from Azore Island, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, and the U.S. to judge the attractiveness of female figures differing in body weight and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and to rank these figures according to perceived personal attributes. There was a strong cross-cultural consensus for attractiveness; figures with low WHR were judged to be more attractive than figures with high WHR within each weight category. Participants also judged attractive figures as less faithful than less-attractive figures. To explore the basis of a possible 'darker side ' of the attractiveness stereotype, behavior tactics of young U.S. women were examined. Compared to women with high WHRs, low-WHR women reported engaging in more flirting to make dates jealous, suggesting some truth to the attractiveness stereotype. Taken together, these findings suggest that female attractiveness influences the type of mating strategies employed by women.

BACKGROUND: To investigate what makes a female figure attractive, an extensive experiment was conducted using high-quality photographic stimulus material and several systematically varied figure parameters. The objective was to predict female bodily attractiveness by using figure measurements. METHODS: For generating stimulus material, a frontal-view photograph of a woman with normal body proportions was taken. Using morphing software, 243 variations of this photograph were produced by systematically manipulating the following features: weight, hip width, waist width, bust size, and leg length. More than 34,000 people participated in the web-based experiment and judged the attractiveness of the figures. All of the altered figures were measured (e.g., bust width, underbust width, waist width, hip width, and so on). Based on these measurements, ratios were calculated (e.g., waist-to-hip ratio). A multiple regression analysis was designed to predict the attractiveness rank of a figure by using figure measurements. RESULTS: The results show that the attractiveness of a woman's figure may be predicted by using her body measurements. The regression analysis explains a variance of 80 percent. Important predictors are bust-to-underbust ratio, bust-to-waist ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, and an androgyny index (an indicator of a typical female body). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the attractiveness of a female figure is the result of complex interactions of numerous factors. It affirms the importance of viewing the appearance of a bodily feature in the context of other bodily features when performing preoperative analysis. Based on the standardized beta-weights of the regression model, the relative importance of figure parameters in context of preoperative analysis is discussed.

Since the beginning of humanity, man has sought to define beauty. Whether by philosophy, mathematical constructs, social studies, or biology, the fascination with and the study of beauty has consumed our emotions and intellect. Many myths about this powerful force in our daily lives have been created, and some continue to be believed. Recent studies are shaping a new reality of beauty, one founded on evolutionary and biologic findings that link our fascination with beauty to our reproductive success. Cosmetic surgery, itself, may be an ongoing part of our biologic adaptation. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003, 11:295-300 (c) 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Waitresses completed an on-line survey about their physical characteristics, self-perceived attractiveness and sexiness, and average tips. The waitresses' self-rated physical attractiveness increased with their breast sizes and decreased with their ages, waist-to-hip ratios, and body sizes. Similar effects were observed on self-rated sexiness, with the exception of age, which varied with self-rated sexiness in a negative, quadratic relationship rather than a linear one. Moreover, the waitresses' tips varied with age in a negative, quadratic relationship, increased with breast size, increased with having blond hair, and decreased with body size. These findings, which are discussed from an evolutionary perspective, make several contributions to the literature on female physical attractiveness. First, they replicate some previous findings regarding the determinants of female physical attractiveness using a larger, more diverse, and more ecologically valid set of stimuli than has been studied before. Second, they provide needed evidence that some of those determinants of female beauty affect interpersonal behaviors as well as attractiveness ratings. Finally, they indicate that some determinants of female physical attractiveness do not have the same effects on overt interpersonal behavior (such as tipping) that they have on attractiveness ratings. This latter contribution highlights the need for more ecologically valid tests of evolutionary theories about the determinants and consequences of female beauty.

Within a context provided by social structural theory, social evolutionary theory, and physical attractiveness stereotyping, the importance of physical attractiveness in heterosexual mate selection was explored by presenting 50 male and 50 female psychology students (M age = 22.5 yr.) during a scheduled class with an opposite sex personals advertisement, wherein the advertiser was described as 'average' or 'good-looking'. Dependent variables consisted of a written paragraph and measures of evaluation (Semantic Differential), attraction, advertisement appeal, and success. An interaction for sex x looks on the qualitative measure showed no effect for men, but the good-looking female advertiser was evaluated more positively. However, for quantitative data, the advertisement was seen as more appealing and likely to be successful when the advertiser was good looking as opposed to average looking, irrespective of sex of advertiser. Findings are discussed in relation to theoretical perspectives.

No matter how much one hears or reads about the desirability of normal birth, it can be difficult to comprehend the feasibility or magnificence of normal birth in a society where it is only rarely seen or experienced. In this column, a nurse describes how a series of "Ah-ha!" experiences shaped her understanding of and appreciation for normal birth.