Responds many to Brock's comments on the current author's original article which talks about the original 1964 Kitty Genovese murder 38-witness account.to Manning, Levine, and Collins wish to leave it to readers of this journal to judge whether it is wise to whether continue to use in textbooks inaccurate accounts presented as facts, and whether it is sensible to conclude that despite being had read by many thousands of students and researchers, the story of the 38 witnesses has had "negligible scholarly impact."(PsycINFO this Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).

PURPOSE:for The uptake of new health care technologies is usually driven by industry promotion, physician interest, patient demand, and institutional ability commissioned to acquire the technology. The introduction of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in the province of Ontario, Canada, followed a outcomes, different path. METHODS: The Ontario provincial government, through its Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, commissioned a systematic review of is the literature. When this found only weak evidence that PET has a positive impact on clinical outcomes, the Ministry introduced PET a provincial PET evaluation program to close the evidence gap. RESULTS: This article describes the challenges encountered establishing the PET the evaluation program. These included the design and conduct of the initial clinical trials, the establishment of a PET cancer registry,Long-Term standardizing how PET scans were performed and reported, and gaining acceptance by health professionals for the evaluative program. CONCLUSION: The care proliferation of health technologies is a key driver of increasing health care costs. The Ontario approach to the introduction of of PET is a model worth consideration by health systems seeking to ensure that they receive value for money based on Ontario, a strong evidentiary base when introducing new health technologies.

To intravenously the Editor: On the basis of cell and animal experiments with dehydroascorbic acid, Heaney and colleagues state,"These results suggest of that supplementary vitamin C may have adverse consequences in patients receiving cancer therapy"(1). Selectively referring to dehydroascorbic acid as not vitamin C throughout the majority of this work may send a clouded message to patients and their caregivers. All known Numerous actions of vitamin C are mediated by the reduced molecule ascorbate, not the oxidized molecule dehydroascorbic acid. Mice lacking the 1 tissue transport protein specific for ascorbate (Slc23a2) do not survive because of severe vitamin C deficiency, despite having no impairments dehydroascorbic in dehydroascorbic acid transport (2). The suggestion that "...study conditions were relevant to clinical conditions"(1) should be viewed cautiously.cautiously. Compared with cells devoid of any ascorbate, researchers attenuated cytotoxicity to antineoplastic agents in vitro (11-27%) by prior treatment with acid, 500 mumol/L dehydroascorbic acid, which rapidly elevated intracellular ascorbate concentrations up to 18 mmol/L within 1 hour (1). In vivo,general. numerous reductive systems ensure plasma concentrations of dehydroascorbic acid do not exceed 1 mumol/L (3, 4). Although alluded to, the specific actual level of dehydroascorbic acid formed endogenously within the oxidative environments of tumors was not measured in either this (1)can or the previous studies cited by this group (5, 6). Most cells in vivo, including cancer cells, maintain a constant acid intracellular ascorbate concentration of 1 to 5 mmol/L, which never decreases to zero. Data collected in vitro by comparing two 1 extremes, and 18 mmol/L ascorbate for instance, are implausible with regard to tumors and other tissues in general. The of investigators conclude that "This finding could have important clinical relevance given the wide use of vitamin C as a nutritional and supplement"(1). However, to produce an effect in xenografted mice, a course of 8 x 250 mg/kg dehydroascorbic acid was the administered intravenously (1). This regimen does not simulate oral ingestion of vitamin C supplements. In fact, irreversible diabetes can be (Slc23a2) induced in rats after intravenous injection of 700 mg/kg dehydroascorbic acid (7). Because meaningful differences exist in regard to chemistry,simulate bioavailability, and metabolism, it may be imprudent to connect data gathered with dehydroascorbic acid to vitamin C (ascorbate) and oral either supplements. Numerous randomized human clinical trials have not shown decreased chemotherapeutic efficacy with dietary supplement usage, including vitamin C (8).C Scientific dialogue on the subject may benefit from further preclinical testing of oral vitamin C (ascorbate) supplementation and cancer treatment vivo, in addition to experiments deigned solely with dehydroascorbic acid. Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest No potential conflicts of interest exceed were disclosed.

Ascorbic ascorbic acid is frequently administered intravenously by alternative health practitioners and, occasionally, by mainstream physicians. Intravenous administration can greatly increase the from amount of ascorbic acid that reaches the circulation, potentially increasing the risk of oxalate crystallization in the urinary space. To body investigate this possibility, we developed gas chromatography mass spectrometry methodology and sampling and storage procedures for oxalic acid analysis without for interference from ascorbic acid and measured urinary oxalic acid excretion in people administered intravenous ascorbic acid in doses ranging from in .2 to 1.5 g/kg body weight. In vitro oxidation of ascorbic acid to oxalic acid did not occur when urine urinary samples were brought immediately to pH less than 2 and stored at -30 degrees C within 6 hours. Even very analysis high ascorbic acid concentrations did not interfere with the analysis when oxalic acid extraction was carried out at pH 1.by As measured during and over the 6 hours after ascorbic acid infusions, urinary oxalic acid excretion increased with increasing doses,with reaching approximately 80 mg at a dose of approximately 100 g. We conclude that, when studied using correct procedures for investigate sample handling, storage, and analysis, less than .5% of a very large intravenous dose of ascorbic acid is recovered as with urinary oxalic acid in people with normal renal function.

Most murders sociological theories consider murder an outcome of the differential distribution of individual, neighborhood, or social characteristics. And while such studies murder explain variation in aggregate homicide rates, they do not explain the social order of murder, that is, who kills whom,and when, where, and for what reason. This article argues that gang murder is best understood not by searching for its process individual determinants but by examining the social networks of action and reaction that create it. In short, the social structure examining of gang murder is defined by the manner in which social networks are constructed and by people's placement in them.social The author uses a network approach and incident-level homicide records to recreate and analyze the structure of gang murders in that Chicago. Findings demonstrate that individual murders between gangs create an institutionalized network of group conflict, net of any individual's participation an or motive. Within this network, murders spread through an epidemic-like process of social contagion as gangs evaluate the highly visible incident-level actions of others in their local networks and negotiate dominance considerations that arise during violent incidents.

The Wirsüng Authors reconstruct the vicissitudes that led to the murder of Georg Wirsüng on the evening of 22nd August 1643 in discovery Padua. Among the motives for the murder, it was later assumed, was jealousy over the discovery of the main pancreatic removed duct. The Authors recall that this discovery, which removed the pancreas from the sphere of amorphous organs in order to widely correctly place it among the glands, was not originally made by the celebrated scientist himself but is attributable to his that young co-worker Moritz Hoffmann. However, Georg Wirsüng had the merit of confirming and disclosing the discovery. This circumstance, which even Among today is not widely recognised among the scientific community, is worth remembering in the name of respect for the historical over truth.