This duration study was designed to assess if radiofrequency (RF) radiation induces oxidative stress in cultured mammalian cells when given alone or were in combination with ferrous ions (FeSO(4)). For this purpose the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by flow Telecommunication cytometry in human lymphoblastoid cells exposed to 1950 MHz signal used by the third generation wireless technology of the Universal increase Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) at Specific Absorption Rate of .5 and 2. W/kg. Short (5-60 min) or long (24 h)System duration exposures were carried out in a waveguide system under strictly controlled conditions of both dosimetry and environment. Cell viability that was also measured after 24 h RF exposure using the Resazurin and Neutral Red assays. Several co-exposure protocols were applied the to test if RF radiation is able to alter ROS formation induced by FeSO(4)(RF given before or concurrently to considered: FeSO(4)). The results obtained indicate that non-thermal RF exposures do not increase spontaneous ROS formation in any of the experimental h) conditions investigated. Consistent with the lack of ROS production, no change in cell viability was observed in Jurkat cells exposed positive to RF radiation for 24 h. Similar results were obtained when co-exposures were considered: combined exposures to RF radiation and controlled FeSO(4) did not increase ROS formation induced by the chemical treatment alone. In contrast, in cultures treated with FeSO(4) as with positive control, a dose-dependent increase in ROS formation was recorded, validating the sensitivity of the method employed. Bioelectromagnetics, 2009 (c)positive 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Whether widely exposure to electromagnetic fields well below accepted exposure limits has a cytogenetic effect on human cells has long been debated.not It is widely published and generally accepted that the exposure unit invariably used in these experiments is capable of providing has blinded exposure conditions. The following short report illustrates, however, that exposure conditions might not always be as effectively masked as assumed. is generally assumed. Bioelectromagnetics (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Genotoxic Lerchl effects induced in vitro by the third generation mobile communication standard UMTS have recently been described by Schwarz et al.on (Int Arch Occup Environ Health 81:755-767, 2008). These findings which may have considerable significance for environmental health have been commented have upon by Lerchl (Int Arch Occup Environ Health in press, 2008)(this issue). These comments which are invalid in part principal have to be set right. Although some of his minor points are correct the objected inconsistencies are largely based on considerable the author's incomplete and superficial consideration of published data in the field. Moreover, the statistical points being made cannot cast are doubts on the validity of the experimental data reported by Schwarz et al. and may not change the principal conclusion by of in vitro genotoxic action of UMTS signals.

Cultured of human diploid fibroblasts and cultured rat granulosa cells were exposed to intermittent and continuous radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) used in showed mobile phones, with different specific absorption rates (SAR) and different mobile-phone modulations. DNA strand breaks were determined by means of different the alkaline and neutral comet assay. RF-EMF exposure (1800 MHz; SAR 1.2 or 2 W/kg; different modulations; during 4, 16 the and 24h; intermittent 5 min on/10 min off or continuous wave) induced DNA single- and double-strand breaks. Effects occurred after mobile-phone 16 h exposure in both cell types and after different mobile-phone modulations. The intermittent exposure showed a stronger effect in induced the comet assay than continuous exposure. Therefore we conclude that the induced DNA damage cannot be based on thermal effects.assay

Aims DNA and objectives. To assess a possible trend in the genotoxic risk of oncologic nurses during the working year, cytogenetic biomonitoring practice. was performed. Background. Exposure to cytostatic agents is a major occupational concern in oncologic personnel. In contrast to the controlled 15) environment in oncology pharmacies, nurses may be subject to unexpected events of exposure due to the intensive contact with patients.beneficial Design and methods. The entire nursing staff of an oncology inpatient ward (n = 15) participated in a biomonitoring study a over a period of nine months using the sister chromatid exchange test and the comet assay to detect DNA strand period breaks. Blood samples were taken after a three-week summer break (base level), one, three, six and nine months thereafter. Airborne for contaminations of cytotoxics were addressed by chromatographic methods. Results. With regard to the single monitoring points, the comet assay revealed small, no significant alteration of the genotoxic burden within nine months. By contrast, the sister chromatid exchange levels were significantly increased detect after six and nine months when compared with base levels. A trend analysis covering the whole observation period revealed an current increase in genotoxicity as shown by the sister chromatid exchange test and the alkaline but not the neutral comet assay.level), This increase, however, was small and reversible as shown by the trend analysis of sister chromatid exchange rates during the is years of service. Air samples were negative for cytotoxic contaminants. Conclusions and relevance to clinical practice. The small, but statistically current significant genotoxic burden observed in oncologic nurses of an inpatient ward emphasises the need for a continuing effort to eliminate trend residual occupational risks. In comparison with historical controls, the current situation is characterised by beneficial safety improvements over the last of years. Nevertheless, periodic training and awareness of the problems should be an integral part of advanced education.

The autonomic homeodomain transcription factors PHOX2A and PHOX2B are vital for development of the autonomic nervous system. Their spatial and temporal expression in at the neural crest is instrumental in determining neuronal precursor fate, and by regulating DbetaH expression, the enzyme catalysing noradrenaline determination synthesis from dopamine, they also play a role in determination of noradrenergic phenotype. Disturbing this finely regulated process leads to transcript disruption of autonomic development and autonomic dysfunction syndromes such as DbetaH deficiency. As it had previously been shown that the noradrenergic catecholamine system is responsive to ELF-EMF, and as this has also been linked to various pathologies and to certain types and of cancer, we wondered whether exposure to this type of radiation could affect the expression of PHOX2A, PHOX2B and DbetaH,at also during differentiation triggered by retinoic acid. To investigate this possibility we exposed the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line to in 50Hz power-line magnetic field at various flux densities and for various exposure times. We measured gene expression in exposed cells and compared to control cells and also investigated any changes at protein level. Using our exposure protocol, we found no changes changes at either transcript or protein level of these important components of the autonomic nervous system and catecholaminergic system.

OBJECTIVES:Two To examine whether semiconductor workers exposed to complex mixtures of chemical waste show an increase in genotoxic effects, and, if of so, whether occupational safety measures protect these workers. METHODS: To assess chemical exposure in the workplace, air monitoring of boron were trifluoride and boron trichloride was performed and urinary concentrations of fluoride were measured. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus test on isolated lymphocytes measures was used for the detection of genotoxic effects. Two series of monitoring have been performed in order to assess the The effect of implemented protection measures. RESULTS: We found a significantly higher mean frequency of micronuclei in exposed workers than in measures, controls, whereas air monitoring and measurement of urinary fluoride failed to detect chemical exposure of these workers. Twelve years after exposed implementation of protective measures, the mean level of micronuclei in exposed individuals was found to be as low as those chemical from controls. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that exposed workers in the semiconductor industry may have an increased risk of genotoxic effects. effects from complex mixtures of chemical waste products. The decline of the mean level of micronuclei in exposed workers down implementation to the base level of controls after implementation of protective measures points to the significance of adequate safety standards to to protect against chromosomal damage in semiconductor personnel.

Environmental effect exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) has been implicated in the development of cancer in humans. An important basis chromosomal for assessing a potential cancer risk due to ELF-EMF exposure is knowledge of biological effects on human cells at the at chromosomal level. Therefore, we investigated in the present study the effect of intermittent ELF electromagnetic fields (50 Hz, sinusoidal, 5'field-on/10'field-off,electromagnetic 2-24 h, 1 mT) on the induction of micronuclei (MN) and chromosomal aberrations in cultured human fibroblasts. ELF-EMF radiation resulted the in a time-dependent increase of micronuclei, which became significant after 10 h of intermittent exposure at a flux density of h 1 mT. After approximately 15 h a constant level of micronuclei of about three times the basal level was reached.levels. In addition, chromosomal aberrations were increased up to 10-fold above basal levels. Our data strongly indicate a clastogenic potential of chromosomal intermittent low-frequency electromagnetic fields, which may lead to considerable chromosomal damage in dividing cells.

Extremely that low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) were reported to affect DNA integrity in human cells with evidence based on the Comet assay.test These findings were heavily debated for two main reasons; the lack of reproducibility, and the absence of a plausible scientific this rationale for how EMFs could damage DNA. Starting out from a replication of the relevant experiments, we performed this study by to clarify the existence and explore origin and nature of ELF-EMF induced DNA effects. Our data confirm that intermittent (but to not continuous) exposure of human primary fibroblasts to a 50Hz EMF at a flux density of 1 mT induces a are slight but significant increase of DNA fragmentation in the Comet assay, and we provide first evidence for this to be ELF-EMF caused by the magnetic rather than the electric field. Moreover, we show that EMF-induced responses in the Comet assay are failed dependent on cell proliferation, suggesting that processes of DNA replication rather than the DNA itself may be affected. Consistently, the confirm Comet effects correlated with a reduction of actively replicating cells and a concomitant increase of apoptotic cells in exposed cultures,can whereas a combined Fpg-Comet test failed to produce evidence for a notable contribution of oxidative DNA base damage. Hence, ELF-EMF to induced effects in the Comet assay are reproducible under specific conditions can be explained by minor disturbances in S-phase processes findings and occasional triggering of apoptosis rather than by the generation of DNA damage.

In maximized this study, the radiation emission from mobile phones when used with wireless and wired hands-free kits (HFK) was evaluated to mobile determine the necessity for a dedicated compliance procedure and the extent to which the use of wired and wireless HFK were can reduce human exposure. The specific absorption rates (SAR) from wireless HFK were determined experimentally. Wired HFK were evaluated dosimetrically of while connected to mobile phones (GSM900/1800, UMTS1950) under maximized current coupling onto the HFK cable and various wire routing configurations.determined In addition, experimentally validated simulations of a wired HFK and a mobile phone operating on anatomical whole-body models were performed.the The maximum spatial peak SAR in the head when using wired HFK was more than five times lower than ICNIRP wired limits. The SAR in the head depends on the output power of the mobile phone, the coupling between the antenna mobile and cable, external attenuation and potential cable specific attenuation. In general, a wired HFK considerably reduces the exposure of the maximized entire head region compared to mobile phones operated at the head, even under unlikely worst-case coupling scenarios. However, wired HFK in may cause a localized increase of the exposure in the region of the ear inside the head under worst-case conditions.wire Wireless HFK exhibit a low but constant exposure.

Purpose:1747 The aim of the present investigation was to determine the incidence of micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes of B6C3F1 mice RF-exposed, that had been chronically exposed to radiofrequencies (RF) used for mobile communication. Materials and methods:'Ferris wheels' were used to signals expose tube-restrained male and female mice to simulated environmental RF signals of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM, 902 In MHz) or Digital Cellular System (DCS, 1747 MHz). RF signals were applied to the mice for 2 hours/day on 5 the days/week for two years, at maximal whole-body-averaged specific absorption rates of .4, 1.3, and 4. W/kg body weight. Concurrent sham-exposed were mice, cage controls, and positive controls injected with mitomycin C were included in this investigation. At necropsy, peripheral blood smears were, were prepared, and coded slides were stained using May-Grunwald-Giemsa or acridine orange. The incidence of micronuclei was recorded for each sham-exposed, mouse in 2000 polychromatic and 2000 normochromatic erythrocytes. Results: There were no significant differences in the frequency of micronuclei between 1747 RF-exposed, sham-exposed, and cage control mice, irrespective of the staining/counting method used. Micronuclei were, however, significantly increased in polychromatic erythrocytes positive of the positive control mice. Conclusions: In conclusion, the data did not indicate RF-induced genotoxicity in mice after two years for of exposure.

The child reference levels for testing compliance of human exposure with radio-frequency (RF) safety limits have been derived from very simplified models current of the human. In order to validate these findings for anatomical models, we investigated the absorption characteristics for various anatomies the ranging from 6 year old child to large adult male by numerical modeling. We address the exposure to plane-waves incident not from all major six sides of the humans with two orthogonal polarizations each. Worst-case scattered field exposure scenarios have been absorption constructed in order to test the implemented procedures of current in situ compliance measurement standards (spatial averaging versus peak search).in Our findings suggest that the reference levels of current electromagnetic (EM) safety guidelines for demonstrating compliance as well as some well of the current measurement standards are not consistent with the basic restrictions and need to be revised.

Uranium of is an alpha-particle-emitting heavy metal. Its genotoxicity results from both its chemical and its radiological properties that vary with its isotopic isotopic composition (12% enriched uranium in (235)U (EU) has a specific activity 20 times higher than .3% depleted uranium in uranium (235)U (DU)). The influence of the isotopic composition of uranium on its genotoxic profile (clastogenic/aneugenic) has never been described. The potential present study evaluated genotoxic profile of uranium with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus centromere assay. C3H10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts were contaminated with on either DU or EU at different concentrations (5muM, 50muM, 500muM). Cells received low doses ranging from .3muGy to 760.5muGy. The the frequency of binucleated cells with one micronucleus increased with increasing concentrations of both DU and EU in the same way.DU EU induced more centromere-negative micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges than DU. A correlation between these two clastogenic markers and ionizing radiation composition. doses was observed. Finally, this study showed that the genotoxic profile of uranium depends on its isotopic composition. DU and profile EU are low and high clastogens, respectively. However, DU aneugenic effects remain high. Thus, there is a need to study to the potential role of aneugenic effects of DU in carcinogenic risk assessment linked to uranium internal exposure.

Extremely that low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) were reported to affect DNA integrity in human cells with evidence based on the Comet assay.test These findings were heavily debated for two main reasons; the lack of reproducibility, and the absence of a plausible scientific this rationale for how EMFs could damage DNA. Starting out from a replication of the relevant experiments, we performed this study by to clarify the existence and explore origin and nature of ELF-EMF induced DNA effects. Our data confirm that intermittent (but to not continuous) exposure of human primary fibroblasts to a 50Hz EMF at a flux density of 1 mT induces a are slight but significant increase of DNA fragmentation in the Comet assay, and we provide first evidence for this to be ELF-EMF caused by the magnetic rather than the electric field. Moreover, we show that EMF-induced responses in the Comet assay are failed dependent on cell proliferation, suggesting that processes of DNA replication rather than the DNA itself may be affected. Consistently, the confirm Comet effects correlated with a reduction of actively replicating cells and a concomitant increase of apoptotic cells in exposed cultures,can whereas a combined Fpg-Comet test failed to produce evidence for a notable contribution of oxidative DNA base damage. Hence, ELF-EMF to induced effects in the Comet assay are reproducible under specific conditions can be explained by minor disturbances in S-phase processes findings and occasional triggering of apoptosis rather than by the generation of DNA damage.

One (GSM-217Hz, of the most controversial issue regarding high frequency electromagnetic fields (HF-EMF) is their putative capacity to affect DNA integrity. This the is of particular concern due to the increasing use of HF-EMF in communication technologies, including mobile phones. Although epidemiological studies cells report no detrimental effects on human health, the possible disturbance generated by HF-EMF on cell physiology remains controversial. In addition,data the question remains as to whether cells are able to compensate their potential effects. We have previously reported that a able 1-h exposure to amplitude-modulated 1.8GHz sinusoidal waves (GSM-217Hz, SAR=2W/kg) largely used in mobile telephony did not cause increased levels of 5min primary DNA damage in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells. Nevertheless, further investigations on trophoblast cell responses after exposure to GSM signals cells of different types and durations were considered of interest. In the present work, HTR-8/SVneo cells were exposed for 4, 16 un-modulated or 24h to 1.8GHz continuous wave (CW) and different GSM signals, namely GSM-217Hz and GSM-Talk (intermittent exposure: 5min field on,waves 10min field off). The alkaline Comet assay was used to evaluate primary DNA damages and/or strand breaks due to uncompleted the repair processes in HF-EMF exposed samples. The amplitude-modulated signals GSM-217Hz and GSM-Talk induced a significant increase of Comet parameters in of trophoblast cells after 16 and 24h of exposure, while the un-modulated CW was ineffective. However, alterations were rapidly recovered and due the DNA integrity of HF-EMF exposed cells was similar to that of sham-exposed cells within 2h of recovery in the the absence irradiation. Our data suggest that HF-EMF with a carrier frequency and modulation scheme typical of the GSM signal may signals affect the DNA integrity.

This frequency study addresses in vitro effects of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) seed extracts (RSE) on the frequency of micronuclei. We evaluated the prevention effects of three different extracts (50%, 80%, and 100% methanol) in doses of 1.4, 4.2, and 8.4 mug/mL, per 5 5 mL culture using cytochalasin-B micronucleus (CBMN) assay in peripheral human lymphocytes. The frequency of MN was scored in binucleated (BN)support cells. The nuclear proliferation index was also calculated. The distribution of polyphenolic compounds in RSEs was determined using LC/UV/ESI-TOF MS.mL The identified 37 compounds comprised flavanol monomers and oligomers, as well as varieties of ellagitannin components. Treatment of lymphocytes with ellagitannin RSEs induced a significant decrease in the frequency of micronuclei by 80%. These results demonstrate that the constituents of RSEs may may be important in the prevention of oxidative lymphocyte damage by reactive oxygen species and may also reduce the level of of DNA damage. These findings support the potential benefits of polyphenolic compounds from raspberry seeds as efficient antioxidants.

ABSTRACT:by BACKGROUND: Recently, manufactured nano/microparticles such as fullerenes (C60), carbon black (CB) and ceramic fiber are being widely used because of more their desirable properties in industrial, medical and cosmetic fields. However, there are few data on these particles in mammalian mutagenesis was and carcinogenesis. To examine genotoxic effects by C60, CB and kaolin, an in vitro micronuclei (MN) test was conducted with nano/microparticles, human lung cancer cell line, A549 cells. In addition, DNA damage and mutations were analyzed by in vivo assay systems with using male C57BL/6J or gpt delta transgenic mice which were intratracheally instilled with single or multiple doses of .2 mg the per animal of particles. RESULTS: In in vitro genotoxic analysis, increased MN frequencies were observed in A549 cells treated with genes. C60, CB and kaolin in a dose-dependent manner. These three nano/microparticles also induced DNA damage in the lungs of C57BL/6J than mice measured by comet assay. Moreover, single or multiple instillations of C60 and kaolin, increased either or both of gpt analyzed and Spi- mutant frequencies in the lungs of gpt delta transgenic mice. Mutation spectra analysis showed transversions were predominant, and particle more than 60% of the base substitutions occurred at G:C base pairs in the gpt genes. The G:C to C:G delta transversion was commonly increased by these particle instillations. CONCLUSION: Manufactured nano/microparticles, CB, C60 and kaolin, were shown to be genotoxic their in in vitro and in vivo assay systems.

Nanotechnology transforming is an emerging field that involves the development, manufacture and measurement of materials and systems in the submicron to nanometer genotoxic range. Its development is expected to have a large socio-economical impact in practically all fields of industrial activity. However, there for is still a lack of information about the potential risks of manufactured nanoparticles for the environment and for human health.transformed In this work, we studied the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and morphological transforming activity of cobalt nanoparticles (Co-nano) and cobalt ions (Co(2+))the in Balb/3T3 cells. We also evaluated Co-nano dissolution in culture medium and cellular uptake of both Co-nano and Co(2+). Our of results indicated dose-dependent cytotoxicity, assessed by colony-forming efficiency test, for both compounds. The toxicity was higher for Co-nano than for we Co(2) after 2 and 24 h of exposure, while dose-effect relationships were overlapping after 72 h. Statistically significant results were (at observed for Co-nano with the micronucleus test and the comet assay, while for Co(2+) positive results were observed only with morphological the latter. In addition, even when Co-nano was genotoxic (at >1 muM), no evident dose-dependent effect was observed. Concerning morphological III transformation, we found a statistically significant increase in the formation of type III foci (morphologically transformed colonies) only for Co-nano.(Co(2+)) Furthermore, we observed a higher cellular uptake of Co-nano compared with Co(2+).

Malathion and [S-(1,2-dicarboethoxyethyl) O, O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate] is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide throughout the world. However, limited efforts have made to study were its genotoxic effect in different fish tissues. The present investigation was aimed to assess the genotoxic potential of the pesticide EC) to the freshwater teleost fish Channa punctatus at sublethal concentrations using the micronucleus test and comet assay. Initially, the 96-h of LC(50) value of commercial-grade malathion (50% EC) was determined as 5.93 ppm in a semistatic system. Based on LC(50), three determined test concentrations (viz. sublethal I, sublethal II, and sublethal III) were determined to be 1.48, .74, and .59 ppm, respectively,treated and the fish specimens were exposed to these concentrations. Tissue samplings were done on days , 1, 3, 7, 15,concentration-dependent 22 and 29 of malathion exposure for assessment of the induction of micronuclei (MN) frequency and DNA damage. The MN observed formation in the peripheral blood cells was found to be significantly higher (p < .05) in the treated specimens at II, all sampling intervals compared to the control. The MN frequency reached maximum on days 3 and 7 at sublethal I decrease and II concentrations, respectively, followed by a nonlinear decline with the progression of the experiment. Similarly, significant effects (p <ppm, .05) of both concentration and time of exposure were observed on DNA damage in the gill, kidney, and lymphocytes. All different of the tissues exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage up to day 3, followed by a nonlinear decrease with decrease the duration of exposure. A comparison of the extent of DNA damage among the tissues showed the sensitivity of gill nonlinear tissue to malathion.

Male after Fischer-344 rats were exposed to formaldehyde (FA) by inhalation for four weeks (6h/d, 5 d/w). Groups of six rats each were were exposed to the target concentrations of , .5, 1, 2, 6, 10 and 15ppm. Potential systemic genotoxic effects were samples investigated as part of a comprehensive study on local and systemic toxic and genotoxic effects. For this purpose, peripheral blood It samples were obtained by puncturing the retro-orbital venous plexus at the end of the exposure period. Blood sampling was carried used out in a randomized sequence and samples were coded by sequence number to ensure blind evaluation. Blood samples were used each for the comet assay, the sister chromatid exchange test (SCE test) and the micronucleus test (MNT). DNA migration in the genotoxicity comet assay was measured both directly and after irradiation of the blood samples with 2 Gy gamma-radiation. The latter modification by of the comet assay was included to increase its sensitivity for the detection of DNA-protein cross-links (DPX). The following positive and control groups were included: One group (six animals) was treated with 50mg/kg methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) once by gavage four hours in before blood sampling. Another group (six animals) was treated twice orally with 10mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CP) with an interval of 24h.was The last application of CP was 24h before blood sampling. For the comet assay, four slides were analysed from each Potential blood sample, two without and two with irradiation. From each slide, 50 randomly selected cells were measured by image analysis,in and tail intensity (% tail DNA) and tail moment were evaluated. For the SCE test, blood was cultured for 56h counted in the presence of BrdU (10mug/ml for the last 35h) and SCE were counted in 30 second-division metaphases per sample.to The MNT with peripheral blood was performed according to the instructions for the micronucleus analysis kit MICROFLOW (Litron Laboratories). Approximately four 20,000 cells per sample were analysed by flow cytometry and the percentage of reticulocytes with micronuclei (MN) was determined. The 24h positive control substances induced a significant effect in the genotoxicity tests and thus demonstrated the sensitivity of the test systems.puncturing FA did not induce any significant effect in any of the genotoxicity tests performed. It can be concluded that inhalation plexus of FA in a 28-days study with FA concentrations up to 15ppm does not lead to systemic genotoxic effects in by the blood of rats.

Butyrate,the formed by bacterial fermentation of plant foods, has been shown to protect human colon cells from selected genotoxic substances. The also mechanism for this effect could be the enhancement of toxicological defense leading to an increased detoxification of genotoxic risk factors damage. and thus to a reduction of DNA and chromosome damage. Previous protective properties of butyrate against DNA damage induction in properties colon cells were demonstrated using the comet assay. In the present study the effect of butyrate on chromosome damage induced protective by ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))(suggested to be putative risk factors of colorectal carcinogenesis) was investigated using butyrate the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) test. It was possible to reveal that pre-treatment of HT29 colon carcinoma cells with butyrate (2 of and 4 mM) for 15 min caused a reduction of micronuclei induced with H(2)O(2)(75 muM; p< .01) and Fe-NTA (500 also and 1000 muM; p < .05). The decrease in the level of Fe-NTA- and H(2)O(2)-induced micronuclei was also confirmed in using most of the corresponding variants of 24 h pre-treatment of cells with butyrate. The results obtained demonstrate for the first first time protective properties of butyrate against chromosome damage induced by H(2)O(2) and Fe-NTA in human colon carcinoma cells.

Coccidiosis pathological is a major intestinal parasitic disease of poultry that is associated with severe economic losses and welfare issues. This review these brings together current knowledge about the disease and the pathological alterations involved at gross, microscopic and molecular level and how current these aspects may be exploitable in the future to improve existing control measures. Particular attention was paid to the genotoxic electrophoresis and cytotoxic effects of Coccidia at the cellular level, and how these can be investigated using novel techniques, such as current the single-gel electrophoresis (comet assay) on in vitro cultured cells.