OBJECTIVES:valves In normal pressure hydrocephalus, there is no clear evidence that the opening pressure of differential pressure valves influences outcome. In between this study, the objective was to determine whether the relationship between valve opening pressure and post-operative postural ICP changes was a predictable. METHODS: Eight adult-onset hydrocephalus patients were evaluated using an intraparenchymal ICP microsensor. Postural ICP measurements were obtained before and be after placement of a ventricular shunt (VP or VA) with a Codman Hakim programmable valve. RESULTS: Valve opening pressure had determined a poor correlation with ICP at any head-of-bed elevation across subjects (best r = .25). The degree of negative ICP opening encountered for any given patient did not appear to be determined by the valve pressure, and varied significantly between patients by at the same valve pressure. Each individual's ICP correlated well to opening pressure (r > .76), but the response is different more sigmoidal than linear, and the opening pressure at which ICP changed most was markedly different between patients. CONCLUSIONS: The ICP hydrodynamic pressures generated by shunts with different pressure valves are unpredictable. Our data supports the use of programmable valves in with patients with adult onset hydrocephalus and suggests that ICP be measured post-operatively to achieve an optimal clinical outcome.

OBJECTIVE:virulence. The presence of enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli in the vagina of normal women is not synonymous with infection. However,METHODS: vaginal E. coli may also cause symptomatic infections. We examined bacterial virulence properties that may promote symptomatic female reproductive tract coli infections (RTI) and neonatal sepsis. METHODS: E. coli isolated as the causative agent from cases of vaginitis (n = 50),and tubo-ovarian abscess (n = 45) and neonatal sepsis (n = 45) was examined for selected phenotypic and genetic virulence properties.Increased Results were compared with the frequency of the same properties among fecal E. coli not associated with disease. RESULTS: A coli significantly greater proportion of infection E. coli exhibited D-mannose resistant hemagglutination compared with fecal E. coli (p < .01). This frequency adherence phenotype was associated with the presence of P fimbriae (pap) genes which were also significantly more prevalent among isolates (p from all three infection sites (p < .01). The majority of pap+ isolates contained the papG3 allele (Class II) regardless presence of infection type. Increased frequency of Type IC genes among vaginitis and abscess isolates was also noted. No significant differences properties in frequency of other bacterial adherence genes, fim, sfa, uca (gaf or dra were observed. E. coli associated with vaginitis This was significantly more likely to be hemolytic (Hly+) than were fecal isolates (p < .05). The Hly+ phenotype was also enhance more prevalent among tubo-ovarian abscess and neonatal sepsis isolates (p < .08). CONCLUSIONS: E. coli isolated from female RTI and and neonatal sepses possess unique properties that may enhance their virulence. These properties are similar to those associated with other E.of coli extra-intestinal infections, indicating that strategies such as vaccination or bacterial interference that may be developed against urinary tract infections same (UTI) and other E. coli extra-intestinal infections may also prevent selected female RTI.

BACKGROUND:These The late-phase allergic reaction is an eosinophilic inflammatory response that begins several hours after allergen exposure, may persist for 24 allergic hours, and is an important pathogenic mechanism in allergic disease. OBJECTIVE: Cultured naive human mast cells were used to investigate Naive whether mast cells are a direct source of the eosinophil-promoting cytokines IL-5, IL-3, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). METHODS: Naive these human mast cells were derived from bone marrow mononuclear cells cultured in the presence of stem-cell factor. Cytokine message and IL-3, protein production in response to high-affinity IgE receptor ligation of cultured mast cells were measured by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction OBJECTIVE: and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF messenger RNA increased within 2 hours of mast cell activation, with IL-5 IL-3, and GM-CSF message remaining elevated for 24 hours, whereas IL-3 mRNA rapidly declined. IL-5 and GM-CSF protein were measurable 4 by to 6 hours after stimulation and peaked by 24 and 12 hours, respectively. IL-3 protein was not detectable. CONCLUSION: These protein findings demonstrate that naive mast cells do not constitutively produce IL-5 or GM-CSF protein but are a major source of not these eosinophilotropic cytokines on high-affinity IgE receptor ligation.

Proteus several mirabilis bacteria are a common cause of hospital-acquired urinary tract infection. In a previous study, we described a P. mirabilis a fimbrial protein, UCA, that adhered to human uroepithelial cells. Genes sufficient for expression of UCA adherence were cloned into Escherichia adherence coli K-12. E. coli bacteria that contained the uca recombinant plasmid adhered to human uroepithelial cells. In addition, the ucaA pilin, gene encoding the structural component of UCA pili was subcloned, and its DNA sequence was determined. Amino acid sequence homology the (30 to 50%) was found between mature UcaA protein and pilins from pathogenic bacteria representing several genera, including E. coli a F17, G, and type 1C pilins, Haemophilus M43 pilin, and a Bordetella pilin.

In opinion an experiment with 141 Japanese participants, we tested an alternative interpretation of Peng & Nisbett's (1999) study that examined Chinese to participants' responses to contradictory statements. They found that differences in the plausibility judgments about two contradictory statements were smaller when when the statements were presented simultaneously than when they were presented independently (i.e., middle-way judgment). This pattern was not found among the Americans. In a partial replication of their experiment, we tested our hypothesis that the middle-way judgment responses among Asians are to specific to the social domain. We compared participants' responses to contradictory statements in two conditions. In the social context condition,contradictory each statement was expressed as an opinion of a particular person. In the non-social context condition, the same statement was to expressed as a general opinion without mentioning who made the statement. The results indicate that social context is required for context the middle-way seeking responses to occur.

Analysis in of responses from 418 respondents from southern USA (198 African-American, 220 Euro-American adults) in 53 different locations at 4 colleges 220 and universities showed that African-American and Euro-American high school and college athletes differed significantly in agreement on 4 of 12 showed statements representing their treatment by coaches. African-American athletes rated their coaches significantly more negatively on these items. Implications for coaches by lie in planning, design and evaluation of coaching behaviors by African-American athletes.

This scores, research explored how White students' automatically activated racial attitudes and motivations to control prejudiced reactions (MCPR) related to their self-reported to comfort and willingness to interact with Black partners in a variety of situations. Participants completed the MCPR scale and a of priming task that provides an unobtrusive measure of automatically activated racial attitudes. In a later session, participants rated their comfort acting and willingness to enter eight situations varying in their degree of intimacy and scriptedness and then rerated each situation while including imagining different interaction partners, including a Black individual. When the situations were scripted or participants were low on the restraint interact to avoid dispute factor of the MCPR scale, participants expressed willingness to interact with Black partners. When the situation was including unscripted and participants were characterized by higher restraint scores, anticipated comfort varied as a function of automatically activated racial attitudes situation and the concern with acting prejudiced factor of the MCPR scale.

In than 2 studies, the authors examined the role of interethnic friendship with African Americans or Latinos in predicting implicit and explicit predicting biases against these groups. White participants completed the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E.,& Schwartz,McGhee, J. L. K., 1998), several self-report bias measures, and a friendship questionnaire. Participants with close friends who were members of friendship, the target group exhibited less implicit prejudice than participants without close friends from the target group. Friendship influenced only 2 group of the 7 explicit measures, a result that likely stems from social desirability bias rather than truly non-prejudiced attitudes. Results implicit support the importance of contact, particularly interethnic friendship, in improving intergroup attitudes.

The toward author assessed preschool-aged children's attitudes (N = 70) toward their own and 2 ethnic or racial out-groups using traditional forced-choice new measures and a new method that assessed children's out-group attitudes independently of their attitudes toward their own group. When required their to assign positive and negative traits to either their own group or an ethnic or racial out-group, children evaluated their might own group favorably relative to the out-group in question. However, when not forced to choose between groups, children evaluated out-groups relative positively, indicating that own-group preference relative to ethnic and racial out-groups was not equated with out-group rejection. Children's positive out-group method evaluations did vary with the out-group being considered and were reflective of the local social context, suggesting the influence of to social learning. The results indicate that young children's positive feelings toward their own group do not necessarily involve or cause social negative out-group attitudes and that various factors might differentially influence in-group and out-group attitudes.

This African study examines the relationships among social support, negative interaction, financial strain, traumatic events, personal control, personality, and psychological distress among analyses: African American and white adults. These analyses:(1) test the overall adequacy of various models (i.e., main, mediator, and artifactual the effects) of these effects,(2) examine the role of social support and negative interaction within the context of financial strain relationships and traumatic events, and (3) verify possible indirect effects of social interaction on distress by assessing their impact on personal techniques. control. Data from The National Comorbidity Survey were used to examine these relationships using structural equation modeling techniques. Findings indicated test different models of these relationships for African Americans and whites. Overall, personal control mediated the relationship between negative interaction and Findings psychological distress. For whites, negative interaction was an overall stronger predictor of distress and contributed to the impact of financial impact strain and traumatic events on psychological distress. Among African Americans, social support was a stronger predictor of distress. The findings assessing suggest that the underlying models of these relationships are different for African Americans and whites.

Why inequality is the broad American public disapproving of urban African American teen mothers and unaware that the scientific evidence on the I consequences of teen childbearing, per se, is equivocal? I focus on the links between culture, identity, and privilege. I argue the that the broader society is selective in its attention to the actual life chances of urban African Americans and how to these chances shape fertility-timing norms, in part, because this selective focus helps maintain the core values, competencies, and privileges of action the dominant group. Delayed childbearing is an adaptive practice for European Americans and an intensely salient goal they have for that their children. Yet early fertility-timing patterns may constitute adaptive practice for African American residents of high-poverty urban areas, in no ahead small measure because they contend with structural constraints that shorten healthy life expectancy. European Americans put their cultural priorities into dedicated action ahead of the needs of African Americans and employ substantial resources to disseminate the social control message meant for constitute their youth that teenage childbearing has disastrous consequences. Their ability to develop a more nuanced understanding of early childbearing is interdependence limited by their culturally mediated perceptions. Thus, cultural dominance can be perpetuated by well-meaning people consciously dedicated to children's well-being,Yet social justice, and the public good. The entrenched cultural interdependence of and social inequality between European and African Americans leads and African Americans to be highly visible targets of moral condemnation for their fertility behavior, and also sets up African Americans and to pay a particularly high political, economic, psychosocial, and health price.

This demonstrating study examined whether African American children's perceptions of occupational status and their own vocational interests are affected by racial segregation racial of the workforce. Children (N = 92) rated familiar occupations with respect to status, desirability, and stereotyping. Children also rated also novel jobs that had been depicted with African Americans, European Americans, or both African and European Americans. As predicted, for socioeconomic familiar jobs, children's judgments were linked to their knowledge of racial segregation of these jobs. In addition, novel occupations that their had been depicted with African Americans were judged as lower in status than the identical occupations that had been depicted segregation with European Americans, demonstrating a causal influence of workers' race on children's judgments. Children's age and socioeconomic background moderated their knowledge occupational judgments.