To document the oral health of mid-nineteenth century frontiersmen, the dentitions of eight Seventh Cavalry troopers from the Little Bighorn Battlefield were examined for indications of disease. These observations are supplemented with historic records and compared with the oral health of other soldiers from the Indian Wars. The Seventh Cavalry troopers, despite their young ages, had a variety of oral problems, including abscesses, caries, periodontitis, attrition, antemortem tooth loss, and indications of tobacco use. One of the specimens had gold and tin foil fillings. Combining historic records and a dental approach to the archaeological specimens provides complementary insights which are unavailable otherwise from either of the individual fields.

This article discusses the dental techniques, methods and materials used in the South during the Civil War based on the dental restorations found in the skulls of four confederate soldiers. The skulls display a variety of dental filling materials, including thorium, lead, tin and tin amalgam. These materials were used at a time when more valuable materials, such as gold and silver, were not readily available in the South.

Fillings found in the skull of a 7th Cavalry trooper killed 118 years ago in the Battle of Little Bighorn show sophisticated, well-executed dentistry. Some fillings are examples of early preventive dentistry, using a variety of materials and techniques typical of 19th-century cavity preparation. Dental care most likely was delivered by a private dentist or performed in part at a dental school in the East or Midwest, in a large city or at West Point. The logical, deductive process suggests an identification: Cpl. George Lell. Without additional corroborative documentation, however, this is speculation. Whoever he was, the cavalryman was older and shorter and had better oral care and health than most of the comrades who died with him in 1876. He used tobacco, most likely by chewing it. His remains provide a glimpse into the reality of life and death, dental care and hygiene of the mid-19th century.

Forceps for extraction, scrapers, elements for removing decayed tissue, preparation and obturation of cavities, have all resisted time passing by. And many of these elements, exhibited in museums for their antiquity, are still being used, though perfected and made of lighter materials.

In Europe, wealth inequality is directly related to tuberculosis (TB) notification (R2 = 0.69), while in countries with lower TB rates, higher proportions of TB cases occur in foreign-born persons. Particularly during times of financial upheaval, efforts to eliminate TB must address social inequality.

The introduction of the birth control pill in 1960 precipitated 2 decades of intense social change in the United States, particularly in the area of sexuality. Colleges and universities were not immune to these changes. The author examines the struggles at 1 land-grant university to find common ground on this issue among students, faculty, administrators, and trustees between 1970 and 1976.

During the past decade, the independent countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Western Balkans have undergone significant changes in economic, social and political conditions.

The outcome of American presidential elections in 1860-1980 follows certain regular patterns which can be described phenomenologically by simple integral parameters of "common sense" type.

The suicide rate on death row for the period 1976 through 1999 was found to be high (113 per 100,000 per year), some five times higher than the suicide rate for the male population of the United States. The death row suicide rate was predicted by features of the death row population (negatively with the population on death row) and by social indicators of the society as a whole (negatively with birth and divorce rates and positively with marriage rates).

"Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) are usually used as indicators of social development. This paper reviews the situation of both indicators in Indonesia, based on various methods and data resources. The result of the study shows the high inequality of interregional mortality indicated by the trend of IMR and the differentials in IMR and MMR."(SUMMARY IN ENG)

"This article discusses the nature of out-migration from the United States to Canada and assesses the consequences of such emigration for the two countries. It is concluded that, excluding the British born population, being foreign born is a handicap in Canada, not as asset, and the American born overcome this occupational disadvantage by virtue of their higher social origins and education."

"This paper considers the welfare implications of the interactions between demographic changes and social security in an overlapping generations model in which retirement decisions are endogenous. Both a pay-as-you-go system and an actuarially-fair system are examined." The geographical focus is on the United States.

Regional mortality rates from cancer and suicide had similar social correlates in the Ukraine but not in the United States.

The relations among self-report scores for Type A behavior with social support and sex were examined in 239 female and 213 male Japanese college students. Scores on Type A behavior were inversely correlated with those for social support for both women and men separately. There were no significant differences in the magnitudes of these coefficients for women and men.